Antiquity, Biblical, & Classical History (900BCE-400CE)
dates are in ISO standard format: yyyy-mm-dd (biggest value at left, consistently lower magnitudes as you go to the right; one-thousand years is greater than 999 years, 100 years is greater than 99 years, 10 years is greater than 9 years; 1 year is greater than 12th month; 10th month is greater than 9th month; 1 month is greater than 27 days, 10 days is greater than 9 days)
index
Antiquity, Biblical & Classical History (900BCE-400CE)
Medieval History (400CE-1500CE)
H/T: I found many good maps at StudyLight: pastoral resources: Bible maps archive some of which I have added as links.
2024-03-15 (5784 Adarב 05)
Bryant G. Wood, Ph.D. _Bible Archaeology.org_
carbon dating at Gezer (23 miles NW of Jerusalem) and Saul, David (c. 1030BCE-969BCE), & Solomon (c. 990BCE-932BCE)
2020-01-12 (5780 Tebeth 15)
Ariel David _Ha Aretz_
Hebrew inscription on 3K-year-old (c.1KBCE) jar at tel Abel Beth Maacah, northern Israel (near Metula; E of Tyr/Tyre; NW of Dan; 38-39 miles North of Tiberias)
Samson/Shimshon ben Manoah of the tribe of Dan & Hazlalphonith of the tribe of Yahudah/Judah judged for 20 years (beginning c. 2810AM = c. 950BCE) (Judges/Shoftim 13-16)
rock of Etam
(Bible Study Tools)
(John Roskoski: Biblia.work)
(John Roskoski: Galaxie.com)
(Jewish Virtual Library)
(Lubavitcher ChaBaD)
Ben Hadad i (s of Tabrimmon) b: c. 905BCE d: 865BCE reigned 885BCE-865BCEs
2021-09-23 (5782 Tishri 17)
Blair Mastbaum _Atlas Obscura_
Tartessos/Tartessus/Tarshish c.900BCE-c.500BCE: archaeologists puzzling over people on Iberian peninsula who sacrificed/burned their culture to the ground
WickedPedia
Israel 9th century BCE (from Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman 2006 _David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition_ (352 pages; 222.067))
StudyLight: map 9th & 8th centuries BCE (900BCE-700BCE)
history of Arabs begins in the mid-9th-century BCE
king Elah ben Baasha/Ela/Alah of Israel/הלא lived some time between 900BCE & 875BCE (s of Baasha/Baasa) (WickedPedia)
king Jehoshaphat/ Yahushefet/ Josefat/ יהושפט ben Asa of Judah/Judaea ben Abijah/ Abiyahu/ Abijam/ Abim ben Rechebaam/Rehoboam ben Shlomo/Solomon of Judah/Judaea b: c. 900BCE d: c. 849BCE
Scythians/ Scyth/ Saka/ Sakae/ Sacae/ Sai/ Iskuzai/ Askuzai/ Askuza c. 900BCE - Ordos culture known for finds of Scythian art Ordos Loop in the Yellow river around the Ordos plateau
Cimmerians/Kimmerians/Kimmerioi c. 900BCE -
Joel/ Yoel/ יואל/ Jual/ Yual some time between c. 900BCE & 400BCe
Iron Age Cold Epoch c. 900BCE - c. 300BCE
Pre-Celtic c. 900BCE - c. 500BCE
Omrides/ House of Omri of Israel/עמרי/Aamri/עמריה/Aamriah c. 900BCE - 835BCE
2020-01-30 (5780 Shebeth 04)
_WND_
massive "royal estate" from about 2,900 years ago found at Horvat Tevet (Chorbat Tebeth?) near Afula in Jezreel valley of Israel (7-8 miles SSE of Nazareth; 55-65 miles NE of Jaffa; 27 miles SE of Haifa; 15-22 miles SW of Tiberias; 17-19 miles SW of Kinneret/Moshava)
Christopher Carbone: Fox (with video)
Christopher Carbone: Fox (with video)
2020-01-22 (5780 Tebet 25)
Ariel David _Ha Aretz_
researchers use AI to decipher 2,800-year-old Hebrew texts found in Samaria
Ahab of Israel/ Achab/אחאב/ Achav (son of Omri) c. 900BCE - c. 852BCE
⚭: with Jezebel the Phoenician/ Sidonian/ Aizebel/ where is the princE (daughter of Ithobaal i/ Ethbaal i/ Ithobalus king of Sidon/Zidon & Tyre/Phoenicia; mother of Achaziah, Jehoram & Athaliah; in myth, great-aunt of Dido of Carthage)
ancient Greece from between 900BCE & 850BCE to c. 600BCE
Ben Hadad ii/ Haadezer/ Adad Idri (s of Tabrimmon) b: c. 885BCE d: 842BCE suffocated by Hazael reigned 865BCE-842BCEs
Kurkh mono-liths c. 880BCE - c. 850BCE
Arabs c. 880BCE - Who is an Arab? (W. Montgomery & Pierre Cachia: U of Penn) Arab (Britannica)
Shalmaneser iii/ Shulmanu-asaredu c. 880BCE - 824BCE
⚭: with Athaliah of Israel (daughter of Ahab/Achab of Israel & ??Jezebel the Phoenician/Sidonian??)
Tel Dan inscription earliest physical documentary claims Aramean defeat of successors in the house of king David (Biblical Archaeology)
Tel Dan stele carved between about 870BCE & 750BCE
Tel Dan stele (New World Encyclopedia)
Tel Dan stele (Bryant G. Wood: Bible Archaeology)
Tel Dan inscription: the first historical (i.e. written in stone) evidence of David dynasty (Biblical Archaeology)
StudyLight: map split into Judah/ Judea & Israel
StudyLight: map Judea/ Judah & Israel
StudyLight: map another depiction of the same which shows more clearly different details
Rehoboam/ Rachabaam/ Rechavam/ רחבעם ben Shlomo (son of Shlomo/ Solomon & Naamah/ נעמה an Ammonite) king of Yehudah/ Judah/ Judea from c. 932BCE to 914BCE
(Bible Helps)
(Britannica)
(Jewish Virtual Library)
Ahab/Achab/Achabbu/Achaab (s of Omri) b: c. 890BCE d: c. 852BCE at Ramoth-Gilead buried: Samaria, Israel (reigned c. 871BCE - c. 850BCE)
⚭: with Jezebel of Tyre/Sidon/Phoenicia (where they worshipped Baal)
Urartu/ Ararat/ Van/ Biainili c. 860BCE - 590BCE
Urartu/ Ararat/ Van/ Biainili c. 860BCE - 590BCE
battle of Qarqar along the Orontes river in what is now Syria in 853BCE (WickedPedia)
Mesha of Moab/מואב/Muab c. 850BCE (WickedPedia) (2 Kings/melekim beth 3:4-27)
kingdom/multi-city-state of Mannaea/ Manea/ Minni/ Meni/ Munna/ Manna/ Manavasean/ Minyas 850BCE to c.610BCE (SW & SE of lake Urmia: Maragheh, Derecik, Hakkari, Miandoab, Mohammadyar, Bukan, Qalaichi/Ghalaychi; 550-650 miles SE of Trabzon/Trebizond; 3,040 miles from Derbent due to political conflict detours, roughly 400 miles SW geographically; SE of the Black Sea, W of the Southern end of the Caspian Sea)
separate kingdom/me meleketh/mamleket of Judah/ Yahudah/ Yehudah/ Judea c. 850BCE-586BCE
Ammon/ Aamon map of Ammon, Israel, Yahudah/Judah/Judea, Samaria, Sidonia/ Phoenicia/ Zidonia, Philistine/ Palestine, & neighboring polities (svg) c. 830BCE
Ahaziah/ Achazyah/ Jehoahaz/ אחזיה/ Ochozias of Judah (son of Jehoram of Judah & Athaliah; gs of Ahab/Achab & Jezebel of Sidon/Tyre/Phoenicia; descendant of David & of Omri) b: c. 820BCE in Jerusalem d: c. 841BCE at Megiddo, Israel (reigned for 1 year between c. 842BCE - c. 840BCE)
⚭: with Zibiah/Tzibyah/Tzivyah/gazelle of BeerSheba
Athaliah (d of Omri per ב Kings 8:26, but possibly d of Ahab gd o Omri) (Jewish Bible.org)
(ResearchGate)
(WickedPedia)
(Jewish Virtual Library)
(International Standard Bible)
Joash/ Jehoash/ יהואש/ Yahuash (son of Ahaziah/ Achazyah/ Achazyahu/ Ochozias/ Ozias & Zibiah/Tzibyah/Tzivyah/gazelle of BeerSheba) b: c. 843BCE in Jerusalem d: c. 795BCE at Millo, Jerusalem (reigned in Judah/Judea/Judaea c.836BCE - c.797BCE) (WickedPedia) (Jewish Virtual Library) (Jewish Virtual Library)
Ben Hadad iii/ bar Hadad iii (s of Hazael) b: c. 820BCE d: 792BCE reigned 796BCE-792BCE (mentioned on stele of Zakkur as "bar Hadad ben Hazael")
Mesha stele/ Moabite stone carved c. 840BCE
map Israel 800BCE (snagged 2011-09-23)
maps of neo-Hittite & Aramean states c. 800BCE (Stephen Batiuk: American Society of OverSeas Research)
Israel late 8th century BCE (from Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman 2006 _David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition_ (352 pages; 222.067)) StudyLight: map 800BCE-700BCE
Magna Graecia (Greek settlements on Italian peninsula) c. 800BCE (WickedPedia) (map also shows some Phoenician/Carthaginian cities)
Noricum c. 800BCE - (WickedPedia)
Hallstatt culture c. 800BCE - c. 500BCE (WickedPedia)
British Iron Age c. 800BCE - 100CE (WickedPedia)
Amaziah/ אמציהו/ Amatziyahu/ HaShem is mighty ben Joash/ יואש/ Yahuash/ יהואש/Jehuash b: c. 815BCE d: c. 767BCE (reigned c.797BCE - c.767BCE; defeated by Yahuash of Israel)
⚭: with Jecoliah of Jerusalem (Jewish Virtual Library)
Jeroboam ii/ Yerebaam/ ירבעם/ Hieroboam (s of Jehoash/ Joash/ Yahoas/ Yahuash) c. 810BCE - c. 745BCE (WickedPedia)
StudyLight: map Israel & Judea/ Judah in the time of Jeroboam ii & Uzziah
Uzziah/ עזיהו/ Aaziyahu/ Ozias/ Aazriah/ Azaris/ Azarias ben Amaziah/ אמציהו/ Amatziyahu ben Joash/ יואש/Yahuash/יהואש/Jehuash b: c. 800BCE d: c. 740BCE (reigned in Judah/Judea/Judaea c.792BCE - c.750BCE)
Shalmaneser iv (son of Adad-nirari iii/Adad-Ninari iii) c. 800BCE - c. 773BCE (WickedPedia)
2021-10-05 (5782 Tishri 29)
_Archaeology_
faces of ancient Egyptian mummies from Abusir al-Meleq necropolis digitally re-constructed by Max Planck Institute & Parabon NanoLabs from DNA & thermal scans of skulls
Janet Cady, Ph.D., Mark Wilson & Ellen Greytak, Ph.D.: Parbon NanoLabs: 2,023-2,796 years ago (c.800BCE-2BCE); appearance at c.25 years of age
Janet Cady, Ph.D., Mark Wilson & Ellen Greytak, Ph.D.: Parbon NanoLabs: poster
Ashur-dan iii (son of Adad-nirari iii/Adad-Ninari iii) c. 795BCE - c. 755BCE
Ashur-nirari v (son of Adad-nirari iii/Adad-Ninari iii) c. 790BCE - c. 745BCE over-thrown by Pulu/Tiglath-pileser iii
Amos/Aamos/אמוס/Aamus b: c. 790BCE at Tekoa d: 745BCE (WickedPedia)
(Early Medieval Archaeology) Roman Iron Age in Scandinavia 750BCE-
(Martine Kaspersen, Christopher Nichols & Lovisa Senby Posse: Scandinavian Archaeology) Nordic Iron Age The Nordic Iron Age is generally divided into 5 sub-periods: the Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BCE-0 CE); Roman Iron Age (c. 0CE–375CE); Migration Period (c. 375CE-550CE); Vendel Period (c. 550CE-750CE); and Viking Age (c. 750CE-1100CE).
c. 750BCE - 720BCE: Amos, Hosea, Isaiah
Zechariah/ Zekeryah/זכריה/Zacharias/ Zachoriyahu/ remembered by HaShem of Israel (s of Jeroboam) b: c. 780BCE d: c. 752BCE (reigned for 6 months between c.753BCE & c.745BCE)
Jotham of Judah/Yotam/Yutem/יותם/Ioatham/HaShem is honest (son of Uzziah of Judah & Jerusha; gs of Amaziah and Zadok) b: c. 775BCE d: c. 730BCE (reigned 16 years in Judah/Judea/Judaea between c.742BCE & 731BCE; seal bolla found near Eilat)
Etruria c. 775BCE - 509BCE (WickedPedia)
city of Rome founded between 775BCE & 725BCE (WickedPedia)
Menahem/Menechem/מנחם/Menachem ben Gedi c. 765BCE-735BCE (WickedPedia)
Micah/Mikah/מיכה/Mikayah b: c. 765BCE at Moresheth d: c. 696BCE (WickedPedia)
Ahaz/Achaz/אחז/Akhaz/Yahuachaz/Lauchazi/HaShem has held of Judah/Judea/Judaea (son of Jotham of Judah) b: c.755BCE d: c. 715BCE (reigned between c.744BCE & c.715BCE)
Roman kingdom/monarcy/regal c.753BCE - c. 509BCE (WickedPedia)
Shallum/ Shalom/שלום/Shelm/Shelloum/ peace?/retribution? of Samaria, Israel (s of Jabesh/Jabesos) b: c. 770BCE d: c. 745BCE (reigned for 1 month between c.752BCE & c.745BCE)
Menachem/ Menahem/מנחם/Menchem/ Menaen/ Manahem/ Menihimm/ consoler/comforter of Israel (s of Gadi) b: c. 770BCE d: c. 735BCE (reigned for 10 years between c.752BCE & c.736BCE)
Pekah/פקה/Peqah/Paqaha of Samaria, Israel (s of Remaliah) b: c. 765BCE d: c. 731BCE (reigned in Gilead/Gilaad c.752BCE - c.731BCE; in Samaria, Israel between c.740BCE & c.731BCE)
Pekahiah/ Peqchyah/פקחיה/Phaceia/ HaShem has opened the eyes of Samaria, Israel (s of Menachem) b: c. 760BCE d: c. 735BCE (reigned for 2 years between c.742BCE & c.736BCE)
prophet Isaiah/ Yeshaayahu/ Isaias/ Esias b: c. 750BCE d: c. 685BCE (Bible Chronology time-line) (Preceden time-line) (Time-line of Humanity) (Time-line of Humanity) (Lionel Windsor & Mark Barry) (nicest, most-readable timeline)
Hoshea/ Hosea/הושע/Hushaa/Osee/ salvation of Israel (s of Elah) b: c. 750BCE d: c. 723BCE (reigned in Israel between c.732BCE & c.723BCE)
Sfire/Sefire steles c. 750BCE (WickedPedia)
Jonah/Jonas/Yona/מנחם/Yunus/Ionas/dove c. 750BCE (WickedPedia)
So/Osorkon iv/Usermaatre Osorkon iv (son of Tadibast iii) c. 750BCE - c. 712BCE (2 Kings/melekim beth 17:4)
prophet Hosea/Hushaa/Hoshea c. 750BCE (WickedPedia) (Bible.org) (Lubavitcher ChaBaD) (USA Conference of Catholic bishops)
Isaiah/Yeshaayahu/Shaya c. 750BCE - 650BCE (WickedPedia), Deutero-Isaiah (Claude Mariottini, PhD), Deutero-Isaiah (Britannica), Deutero-Isaiah (Benjamin D. Sommer: theTorah.com)
StudyLight: map invasion by Assyrian/ Assurian empire from Mesopotamia under Tiglath-Pileser iii (c.900BCE-c.800BCE)
StudyLight: map Tiglath-Pileser iii
StudyLight: map conquest of Samaria and deportation of Israeli hostages
Ululayu/Shalmaneser V/Shulmanu-asared c. 745BCE - 722BCE December or 721BCE January
Sargon ii/Sharru Kinu/Sarru-ukin c. 745BCE - 705BCE (WickedPedia)
⚭: with Hephzibah
2015-12-03 (5776 Kislev 21): _Popular Archaeology_ impression of Hezekiah's seal discovered in excavations in Jerusalem South of "Temple Mount"/"Haram al-Sharif", ESE of al-Aqsa mosque
map Israel/Judah c. 733BCE
Israel/Judah c. 733BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Israel map 730BCE
map Israel 730BCE (snagged 2011-09-23)
StudyLight: map prophets Elijah & Elisha
Elijah received the law in 3962AM=202BCE??? and was gone in 3047AM=713BCE and
Elisha received the law from Elijah d: 3098AM=662BCE, the 37th year of the reign of Joash ha melek of Judea
rabbi Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto: Sefer Yohassin: Bet Emunah/House of Fidelity: citing _Moher et Hasfina_ & via Dr. Vlad Rosenblit
Gyges/ Kukas (Livius.org) (s of Dascylus) b: c. 700BCE d: c. 644BCE (several generations fought against the Cimmerian raiders from the steppes North of the Black Sea & Caspian Sea) (Ohio State U linguistics) Lydians kings lists of Anatolia/Asia Minor/ Lydia
Achaemenid dynasty b:c. 700BCE - 330BCE
Achaemenes/ Hakhamanes/ Haxamanis/ Haakkamannuis/ Haxamanes b:c. 730BCE d:c.675BCE
Assyrian/Asshurian empire 722BCE-705BCE
Assyrian/Asshurian empire 722BCE-705BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
722BCE - 720BCE: Assyrian invasion and conquest of Israel
Sennacherib/ Sin ahhi eriba son of Sargon ii c. 720BCE - 681BCE, built a dam at Bavian (Christopher Jones) and canal with aqueducts lined with concrete in 691-690BCE to bring water from the Atrush/ Atrish/ Gomel river to the Tebitu river to supply Nineveh (now in Mosul) about 30-32 miles see also Genesis/be Rashith 10:11 (Mechon-Mamre) Jonah 1:2 (Mechon-Mamre) Isaiah/Yeshaayahu 37:37 (Mechon-Mamre) Zephaniah/Tzefaniah 2:13 (Mechon-Mamre).
StudyLight: map Sennacherib invasion of Judah/ Judea
Taharqa/ Taharka/ Taharqo/ Tarakos/ Tearco/ Tirhaka/ Tirhaqa (son of Piye & Abar) c. 710BCE - 664BCE (WickedPedia) (2 Kings/melekim beth 19:9)
ancient royal mansion c.701BCE-586BCE, between the reigns of Hezekiah ≈ Josiah, un-earthed in Jerusalem (Abigail Klein Leichman: Israel21c) (Sci-News) (Jonathan Laen: Biblical Archaeology) (Alex Fox: Smithsonian)
(Yigal Levin: Torah.com) space station photo & commentary tour of the borders of Israel from Numbers/In the Wilderness 34, 13, Josh. 13, Judges 3, alef Chronicles 13, alef Kings 8, beth Kings 14, Amos 6, & Ezekiel 48 (Numbers/In the Wilderness was late 7th to early 6th century BCE)
Teispes (son of Achaemenes/ Hakhamanes/ Haxamanis/ Haakkamannuis/ Haxamanes?) b: c. 695BCE d:c.640BCE great king of Ashan (Persia)
Ashurbanipal/ Assur bani apli/ Assurbanipal/ Asenappar/ Sardanapalus son of Esarhaddon son of Sennacherib (son of Esarhaddon; gs of Sennacherib) b: c. 685BCE - 627BCE (WickedPedia)
Assyrian/ Asshurian empire 680BCE-627BCE
Assyrian/Asshurian empire 680BCE-627BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Manasseh of Judah/ Menesah/ Menasii/Menasheh ben Hizqiyah/ מנשה/ Manasses (son of Hezekiah of Judah & Hephzibah/ Cheftzibah/ Cheftzi-bah/ Xeftsiva) c. 710BCE - c. 643BCE
Menkheperre Necho i/ Nekau/ Niku/ Neco/ Necoh/ Nekus (son of Tefnakht ii) c. 700BCE - 664BCE (Jeremiah/Yirmiyahu 46:2 ?) & (beth Kings 23:29 ?)
Hahn, Ft. Ancient culture, archaeological site c. 700BCE-1450CE (Cincinnati Museum Center/Justice League Hall of Justice/Union Terminal) (the Hahn archaeological site/Hahn's field is about 39.1285N, 84.3735W; 6200 Cincinnati-Batavia Pike/Ohio32; Clear Creek park, on West side of the village of Newtown, just under a mile WWNW of village hall; NW of Crull St., SE of intersection of Moore Rd & Debolt St; S of USA50/Columbia ParkWay at Mariemont, & the Little Miami river, NE of Beechmont Avenue & Lunken Airport (LUK), in Anderson township Hamilton county OH) Cedric Rose: Cincinnati Magazine: will Ohio's earth-works become a world heritage site? (whatever that implicitly means) 2020-05-14: archaeological evidence for the presence of dogs at the Hahn site (Cincinnati Museum Center/Justice League Hall of Justice/Union Terminal) 2020: Shelby C. Lutz: DePauw U, Greencastle, IN: Ft. Ancient and Woodland pottery from the Hahn site: petroglyphic analysis
Ardys (Livius.org) (s of Gyges/ Kukas) b: c. 670BCE d: 637BCE
StudyLight: map Josiah vs. Egypt's Necco ii
Necho ii/ Nekau/ Neku/ Nechoh/ Nikuu/ Neco/ Necoh/ Wahem Ib Re (son of Psamtik i/ Psammetichus i & Mehtenweskhet b:c. 635BCE - 595BCE) (WickedPedia) (2 Chronicles/deberi ha yomim beth 35:20; Kings2 23; Jeremiah/Yirmiyahu 46) (Britannica) (Biblical Archaeology Report) (Time-Line Index)
Sadyattes (Livius.org) (s of Ardys) b: c. 650BCE d: c. 635BCE
map of Israel based on Ezekiel/ יְחֶזְקֵאל/ Yechezqal 47:13-14 map of Israel based on Ezekiel/ יְחֶזְקֵאל/ Yechezqal 47:15-21 c. 625BCE to c. 570BCE or c. 450BCE to c. 397BCE (c. 3310AM to c. 3364AM)
Zedekiah/ Tzedekiyahu/ Tzidkiyahu of Judah/Judaea b: c. 618BCE d: c. 586BCE (WickedPedia)
Persian Medaian/Medes 678BCE-549BCE (WickedPedia) Medes/Mada/Medoi/Madai
Shafan ben Azaliah/Shaphan/Hyrax the scribe (s of Azahliahu/Azaliah) b: c. 675BCE?
children:
Ahikam/Ahiqam
Elasah
Gemariah/Gemariahu
Amon/ Amun/ אמונ (son of Manasseh & Meshullemeth) c. 665BCE-640BCE (WickedPedia)
Nabopolassar/Nabu-apal-usur c. 658BCE - c. 605BCE Alyattes/ Wal w attes/ Aluattes/ the leonine (World History Encyclopedia) (s of Sadyattes; gs of Ardys; ggs of Gyges) b: c. 650BCE in Sardis d: 585BCE (first coins, made from electrum (gold + silver) c. 630BCE. Allied with Scythians (another group of raiders from the steppes) to fend off the Cimmerians.) (Livius.org)
Josiah/ Jasiyahu/ Yoshiyyahu/ Yosiyahu ben Amon & Jedidah (s of Amon & Jedidah; grand-son of Manasseh & Meshullemeth and Adaiah/ Adiyahu of Bozkath) c. 650BCE-609BCE (Jeremiah/Yirmiyahu 46:2 ?) & (beth Kings 23:29 ?)
StudyLight: map Josiah golden age
Jeremiah/ Yirmiyahu ben Hilkiah/ Chelqiyahu b: c. 650BCE in Anathoth/ Aanethoth d: c. 585BCE
Baruch/ Beruk ben Neriah/ Neriyahu b: c.650BCE d: c. 580BCE
Nahum/ Nachum/ Nechum c. 660BCE - c. 600BCE
Addagoppe of Harran/ Adad-guppi of Charon/ Charran/ Kharran b: c. 648BCE d: 544BCE
Assur-uballit/ Ashur-uballit ii/Ashur has kept alive (s of ?Sinsharishkun? & ??) b:c.645BCE d:c.607BCE
Ahiqam ben Shafan/ Ahikam ben Shaphan/my brother has risen (s of Shafan/ Shaphan/ Hyrax the scribe; gs of Azahliahu/ Azaliah) b: c. 640BCE?
640BCE: reign of Josiah begins; prophecies of Zephaniah Nebuchadnezzar ii/ Nabû-kudurri-uṣur/ Nabu, watch over my heir/ Nebukadnetzar/ Nebuchadrezzar ii/ Nabouchodonosor / Nebuchadnezzar the great son of Nabopolassar c. 642BCE - 562 October 7 BCE (Britannica)
first coins minted in Lydia/Eastern Thrace/Western Turkey/Asia Minor c. 635BCE (WickedPedia) and in parts of India beginning some time between 2,000BCE & 500BCE
neo-Babylonian empire c. 626BCE - 539BCE (WickedPedia)
Solon (s of ??) b:c.635BCE in Athens d:c.560BCE on Cyprus (WorldHistory) (Greeka) (Agathe.gr)
Nebuchadnezzar ii/Nabu-kudurri-usur/Nebukednetzer/Bakhat Nasar (son of Nabopolassar) c. 634BCE-562BCE (WickedPedia) (Daniel/דניאל/Deniyal 1 )
Nebuzaradan/ Nebo-zaradan reb tebechim b: c. 630 (Got Qustions) (Purdue: researcher Lawrence Mykytiuk found corroboration of the existence of 53 people mentioned in Hebrew Bible) (Je hov ahs witnesses) (Truth Unity.net: Nebo has given off-spring; Nebo sends fruitfulness; chief whom Nebo favors)
626BCE: Jeremiah/Yirmiyahu drafted as prophet
Ezekiel/Hesekiel/Yechezqal ben Buzi b: c. 625BCE in Jerusalem d: 570BCE in Babylon
Shealtiel/ Shaltial/ Salathial (son of Jehoiachin or Jeconiah) b: c. 620BCE d: c. 550BCE who was the exilarch/reish galuta? (ChaBaD) was Shealtiel or Pedaiah the father of Zerubbabel? (Eric Lyons: Apologetics Press) Shealtiel (Bible Gate-Way) Shealtiel (Study Light.org) who is Shealtiel's father? (Evidence UnSeen) (Jamie's fabulous pedigree)
Astyages/Astyigas/Aspadas/Rishti Vaiga/spear-wielder (s of Cyaxares & ??) b:c.610BCE d: c.550BCE
⚭: with Aryenis of Lydia (d of Alyattes of Lydia; sister of Croesus of Lyida)
Daniel c. 610BCE or c. 200BCE (WickedPedia) Daniel (Bill Swanson: Life, Hope, & Truth) Daniel (BibleScripture.net) Daniel (BibleScripture.net) why isn't the book/scroll of Daniel part of the Prophets? (Yehuda Shurpin: ChaBaD) is the book/scroll of Daniel "authentic"? (Tzvi Freeman: ChaBaD) Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat: Daniel, the Babylonian palace at Susa/Shushan, and the tomb of Daniel (Robert Mock: BibleSearchers)
drought & the fall of the Neo-Assyrian empire c. 612BCE
c. 612BCE: Nineveh (now in metropolitan Baghdad) destroyed by Medes & Babylonians
Jeconiah/ Yekniah/ Coniah/ Jehoiachin/ Yahuyekin/ Yaukin (son of Jehoiakim/Yahuqim & Nehushta bat Einathan) b: c. 610BCE or 450BCE? d: c. 550BCE who was the exilarch/reish galuta? (ChaBaD)
Gedaliah/ Gedaliyahu ben Ahiqam ben Shafan/ Gedalia/ Gedallah/ HaShem is great governor of Judah/Judea (son of Ahiqam/Ahikam; gs of Shafan/Shaphan/Hyrax the scribe; ggs of Azahliahu) b: c. 610BCE? d: c. 582BCE (My Jewish Learning) (ChaBaD) (Jewish Virtual Library)
map showing from Greece to India c. 600BCE
map Greece to India c. 600BCE (Egypt, Greece, Turkey/Asia Minor, Middle East, Iran/Persia, India) (snagged 2013-09-01)
Mahajanapada c. 600BCE - c. 300BCE (WickedPedia)
Babylonian/Nebuchadnezzar siege/conquest of Jerusalem c. 597BCE 2021-07-15: Sci-News: another portion of Jerusalem's Eastern wall found 2019-08-12: NewsWise: evidence of attack 2021-07-15: Jerusalem Israel Post: archaeologists found another part of Jerusalem's wall destroyed on the 9th of Ab/Tisha be Av (corresponding to 2021-07-18) 2021-07-16: Israel Today 5%-25% of population carted off to Mesopotamia, 1,500-20K
StudyLight: map major powers in the 6th century BCE
c. 600BCE the Dikastes of designated citizens conducted trials in Greece
Zerubbabel/ Zorobabel (son or nephew or successor of Shealtiel or Pedaiah; grand-son of Jeconiah) b: c. 600BCE d: c. 500BCE was Shealtiel or Pedaiah the father of Zerubbabel? (Eric Lyons: Apologetics Press) (Jamie's fabulous pedigree) (Jamie's fabulous pedigree)
Cyaxares/ Uvaxstra/ Uaksatar/ Ksuwaksaros/ Kuaxares/ Astibaras/ spear-man of Medes (son of Phraortes; grand-son of Deioces) b: c. 600BCE d: c. 585BCE buried: Syromedia/Qyzqapan (at maximum, ruled from SE coast of Black Sea in Anatolia/Asia Minor to Persian gulf, East to about half-way between Arachosia & the Indus river)
Apries/Wahibre Haaibre/Waphres of Manetho/Hophra (son of Psamtik ii & Takhuit) c. 590BCE - c. 567BCE (WickedPedia) (Jeremiah/Yirmiyahu 44:30) map of Babylonian empire c. 562BCE
Croesus/ Kroisos/ Krowisas/ Karos w isas/ Akriaewais (Livius.org) (s of Alyattes) b: c. 595BCE or 560BCE d: 546BCE killed in battle by Cyrus the great of Persia (American Numismatic Association) earliest known minter of coins
Amasis ii/ Ahmose (s of ?? & Tashereniset i/ Tasherenese) b: c. 590BCE d: 526BCE
⚭3: with Tentkheta (d of Padineith)
⚭4: with Nakhtubasterau/ Nakhtbastetiru buried: Giza
⚭5?: with Ladice of Cyrene (d of Battus iii & Pheretima)
⚭6?: with Chedebnitjerbone ii (d of Apries/ Wahibre ha Ibre/ Waphres/ Hophra/ Chofraa/ Hofra/ Ouafri; gd of Takhuit)
⚭7?: with Tadiasir?
Theodosia/ Feodosia/ Feodosiia/ Feodosija/ Feodosiya/ Kefe/ Caffa/ Kaffa c. 550BCE-1500CE trade hub (including slave trading through the time of the Ottoman empire) on the north/Crimean edge of the Black Sea (WickedPedia) blonde cargoes: Finnish children in the slave markets of medieval Crimea: 6.5M slaves mostly from Russia & Ukraine between c. 1100 & 1760 (Mike Dash History), play-ground of the autocrats: Mongol occupation and the slave trade: "the harvesting of the steppe" (Terrain.org), comments: the slave hunters' state of the Crimean Tatars and a second disciple of Ataturk (DanielPipes.org), Feodosiya/Feodosia/Kaffa/Theodosia/Keve/Kaffa/Caffa (Britannica.com), Genoese colonies
Psamtik iii/ Psammetichus/ Psammeticus/ Psammenitus (s of Amasis ii & Tentkheta) b: c. 550BCE d: 525BCE (defeated by Cambyses who enslaved Psamtik's daughter, ordered execution of son Amasis iii + 2K others)
Himilco/ Chimilkat the 6th century BCE explorer went from Carthage up the Atlantic coast along Iberian (Spain & Portugal) and French coasts to visit Brittany, Ireland, and "Albion" (WickedPedia) ; and ; Himilco: Carthaginian explorer (Britannica)
Celts c. 600BCE - (WickedPedia)
Babylonian exile 586BCE-539BCE
Babylonian exile 586BCE-539BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library) (see also wikipedia)
Yehud/Yahudah/Judea as Babylonian province c. 586BCE-539BCE (WickedPedia)
Cambyses i/Kambujiya/Kanbuziya (s of Cyrus i; brother of Arukku) b: c. 600BCE d: 559BCE at Pasargadae
⚭: with Mandane of Media (d of Astyages & Aryenis of Lydia; gd of Cyaxares of Media/Uvaxstra & ?? and Alyattes ii of Lydia & ??; ggd of Phraortes/Fravartis and Sadyattes of the house of Mermnadae; 2ggd of Deioces) b: c. 584BCE at Ecbatana d: 559BCE
Amel-Marduk/ Avil-Marduk/ Ewil-Marduk c. 580BCE-560BCE (WickedPedia)
Cyrus the great/ Kouros/ כורש/ Koresh/ Kuresh/ Keresh/ Cyrus ii of Persia/ Cyrus ii of Anshan/ Cyrus the great (s of Cambyses i & Mandane of Media; gs of Astyages; ggs of Cyaxares) b: c. 558BCE at Anshan, Persis/Persia d: 530-12-04 at Syr Darya/Jaxartes/ Syr river, Central Asia (between Kyrgyzstan & Kazakhstan at Aral sea) ( Ezra/ עזרא/ Aazra 1 Isaiah/ישעיהו/Ishaayahu 1 Daniel/ דניאל/ Deniyal 10 and 2 Chronicles/ דברי הימי] ב/ debri ha yomim beth/ words of days part B 10) constructed Pasargadae/ Pathra-gada/ Pasargad/ protective-club/ strong-club 559BCE-530BCE Pasargadae (EU Ancient History) StudyLight: map Cyrus the great
2015-11-15 (5776 Kislev 03)
_Popular Archaeology_
maybe the Jewish Temple was South of the current "Temple Mount"/ "Haram al-Sharif", atop Gihon spring
597BCE: Ezekiel/ Yechezqal was taken hostage to Babylonia
2016-04-12 (5776 Nisan 04)
_Popular Archaeology_
more on widespread literacy in Judah/Yahudah/Judea by 600BCE
"...'...in a kingdom of some 100K people, at least several hundred were literate. Following the fall of Judah, there was a large gap in production of Hebrew inscriptions until the second century BCE, the next period [for which we have discovered] evidence for widespread literacy. This reduces the odds for a compilation of substantial Biblical literature in Jerusalem between c. 586BCE and 200BCE."
ancient inscriptions testify to widespread literacy in Judah/Yahudah/Judea by 600BCE
Nabonidus of Babylon et Sumer et Akkad/Nabu-na id/Labynetos/Nabu is praised (s of Nabu-balatsu-iqbi/Naksu-balatsu-iqbi & Addagoppe/Adad-guppi of Harran/Charran/Kharran) b: c. 590BCE d: c. 530BCE (first archaeologist?) Nabonidus (Britannica) Nabonidus (Mad Monarchs/J.N.W. Bos) lost years (Ancient Origins)
⚭: with Nitocris of Babylon lived c. 550BCE
586BCE: destruction of the Temple that Solomon had built in Jerusalem
Neriglissar/Nergal-sharezer/Nergal-sar-usur b: c. 580BCE d: c. 556BCE
⚭: with daughter of Nebuchadrezzar ii/Nebuchadnezzar ii
Pythagoras c. 590BCE modeled earth as a sphere because he thought circles were "perfect" (John Gribbin 1998 _Q Is for Quantum: Particle Physics from A to Z_ (physics; 595 pages; ISBN 9780684855783; Free))
Orontid dynasty/Yervanduni c. 570BCE - 200BCE (WickedPedia)
Hystaspes (son of Arsames) c. 570BCE-540BCE
568BCE - 538BCE: a few thousand Israelis/Jewish people (5%-15%) were taken from Israel, Galilee, Samaria, & Judea as hostages to Babylonia
Labashi-Marduk (son of ?Neriglissar?) b: c. 565BCE d: c. 555BCE
Babylonian clay tablets 560BCE-527BCE Iraq derives its name from the earlier terms Iraq Ajami (foreign/Persian-occupied/influenced) and Iraq Arabi (Arab-occupied/influenced) (U of Georgia) Iraq Ajami (Persian-occupied/influenced) and Iraq Arabi (Arab-occupied/influenced) (Dipanjan Roychoudhary: Quora Biblical history of the Middle East) El-Iraq/al-Iraq; Iraq Adjami (foreign/Persian-occupied/influenced) and Iraq Arabi (Arab-occupied/influenced) (1939: Hans H. Boesch: JStor/Economic Geography)
Belshazzar/Belshatzer/Baltazar/Bel-sar-usur/Bel protect the king (s of Nabonidus of Babylon et Sumer et Akkad/Nabu-na id/Labynetos/Nabu is praised & Nitocris of Babylon) b: c. 565BCE d: c. 539BCE ? c. 500BCE??
c. 550BCE second set of Isaiah prophesies
Hecataeus of Miletus/Miletos b: c. 550BCE d: c. 475BCE Hecataeus's world map (Livius) (Oxford Reference)
List of monarchs of Persia c. 550BCE - 1979CE (wikiwand) (WickedPedia)
Haryanka dynasty c. 550BCE - 413BCE
Cambyses ii/ Kabujiya/ Kanbuziya/ Kambuziya/ Kanbuzi (s of Cyrus the great & Cassandane) b: c. 550BCE d: 522 July at Agbatana/Hama/Hamah, Eber-Nari/Syria, North of Homs, SE of Latakia
prophet Obadiah/Ovadyah/Aabedyah/Ovadyahu/Aaubedyah/Aaubedyahu c. 550BCE (WickedPedia), and book of Obadiah/Ovadyah/Ovadyahu/Aaubedyah/Aaubedyahu c. 550BCE (WickedPedia)
Christian church of the East time-line 549BCE - 1935CE (Mark Dickens: Oxus Communications)
slavery in ancient Persia & Iran (WickedPedia)
Darius i/Darius the great/Dareios/Daryavus/Darayavahus (son of Hystaspes & Rhodogune) c. 550BCE-486 October BCE , Behistun/Bisotun/Bistun/Bagastana inscription (between 522BCE & 486 October) , founded Persepolis/Pars c. 550BCE
c. 539BCE Persians conquered Babylonian empire
Persian Achaemenid empire province of Yehud/Yahudah/Judea Medinata c. 539BCE-332BCE (WickedPedia)
Artaxerxes i/Artakhshathra/Artechsheshta (son of Xerxes i & Amestris) c. 539BCE to 424-12-25 BCE (Jewish Encyclopedia) (WickedPedia)
StudyLight: map 537BCE-444BCE return of exiles & hostages; re-building Temple
Themistocles (son of Neocles & Abrotonon or Euterpe) b:c. 524BCE at Frearrioi/Feriza d:459BCE in Magnesia/Aydin, Asia Minor/Turkey (Britannia) (Livius) (Latin Library)
520BCE - 515BCE: Temple re-built in Jerusalem
c. 520BCE: prophesies of Haggai & Zechariah
Malachi/Melaki/Malakhi/Messenger c. 520BCE - c. 432BCE (WickedPedia), Book of the prophet Malachi/Melaki/Malakhi/Messenger (WickedPedia), Tomb of the prophets: Haggai, Zecharia/Zekariyahu, and Malachi/Melaki/Malakhi/Messenger (last 3 prophets?) just SE of Temple Mount (WickedPedia), Malachi/Melaki/Malakhi/Messenger the prophet (Chris Moen: Life, Hope, and Truth), who was the prophet Malachi/Melaki/Malakhi/Messenger/Operative (Rochel Chein: Lubavitcher ChaBaD= Chochmah/Wisdom/Intuition, Binah/Intelligence/Understanding/Comprehension, Daath/Daas/Knowledge/Concentration/Depth/Focus)
Anaximander c. 520BCE modeled earth as a cylinder (John Gribbin 1998 _Q Is for Quantum: Particle Physics from A to Z_ (physics; 595 pages; ISBN 9780684855783; Free))
Xerxes i (son of Darius i & Atossa) c. 519BCE-465BCE
Sadduces/tzedekim/tzedukim/tzeduqim c. 516BCE or 167BCE to 70CE
Zugot/tequfath ha zugoth c. 515BCE to c. 70CE
Rabbis/Teachers since c.515BCE (WickedPedia)
Roman republic/Roma/res publica Romana c. 509BCE to 27-01-27 BCE last of the 7 Roman kings, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus the proud, was ousted and Roman Republic established;
earliest known ketubah = marriage contract
map showing from Greece to India c. 500BCE
map Persian empire c. 500BCE
Leucippus of Miletus b: c. 500BCE d: c. 410BCE (450BCE travelled to Abdera)
sub-Atlantic cool period from some time between 200BCE & 500BCE to present
Hanno the 5th century BCE explorer went from Carthage down the Atlantic coast along Africa, to within sight of a mountain in Sierra Leone or Cameroon or Gabon (WickedPedia) ; and ; Hanno: Carthaginian explorer (Britannica)
La Tene culture c. 500BCE - c. 50BCE (WickedPedia)
Pythagoreans c. 500BCE modeled earth as a sphere (John Gribbin 1998 _Q Is for Quantum: Particle Physics from A to Z_ (physics; 595 pages; ISBN 9780684855783; Free))
Scandinavian/East Germanic languages & people: Burgundian, Gothic, Vandalic c. 500BCE - Burgundians kingdom of the Burgundians list of Burgundian kings Goths ancient Goths (Owen Jarus: LiveScience) Goth vs. Greek battle at Thermopylae revealed in ancient text (Owen Jarus: LiveScience) Vandals
Haggai/ Chegi/ Haggay/ Aggaeus b: c 550BCE during Persian occupation of Israel & Judah/Judea (Britannica) (BibleHub)
Ezra/ Aazra/ Esdras/ scribe/ sofer/ priest/ kohen b: c 500BCE d: c. 440BCE
Empedocles b: c. 494BCE in Akragas, Siicily d: c. 434BCE legendarily at Mt. Aetna (earliest recorded recognition of 4 states/phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma but of course these got confused as fundamentsl "elements" of matter; early vegetarian/PETA member; studied respiration using water-clocks; re-incarnationist shape-shifting)
(FamousScientists.org)
(Ancient-Origins.net)
Joseph Athar/Dhu Nuwas/ Yusuf Thu Nuwas/ Yusuf Asar Yathar/ Zura ben Hassan/ Dimnon/ Dunaan/ Dounaas/ Masruq c. 490CE - c. 526CE (ruler of parts of Yemen. his mother was thought to be Jewish and from Nisibis/ Nusaybin/ Nasibina/ Antiocha Mygdonia, today just inside Turkey, north across the border from Qamishli, in NE Syria; EENE of Aleppo, Syria; NW of Mosul and Erbil, Iraq.) (WickedPedia) & Jewish kings of Yemen (Strange Side of Jewish History)
Artaxerxes i/ Achasuerus/ Artasyrus/ whose rule is through truth (son of Xerxes i & Amestris) b: c. 485BCE d: 424-12-25
⚭: with Cosmartidene of Babylon
Ezra/Aazra the sofer/scribe b: c. 480BCE d: c. 440BCE
Nehemiah/Nechemyah b: c. 465BCE
Darius ii/ Ochus/ Darius Nothos (son of Artaxerxes i & Cosmartidene of Babylon; father of Artaxerxes ii & Cyrus the younger?) b: c. 460BCE d: c. 405BCE
⚭: with Parysatis
Democritus of Abdera b: c. 460BCE at Abdera, Thrace d: c. 370BCE
Obadiah/ Aaubedyah/ Ovadyah/ Ovadyahu/ Obdios/ Abdyahu/ Abdias/ servant of HaShem c. 450BCE
c. 450BCE - c. 400BCE: Ezra began reading Torah outside the re-built Temple in Jerusalem on market days (Mondays and Thursdays).
Greek Parthenon built 447BCE-432BCE partially destroyed 1687-09-26 Greek Parthenon (Ancient Greece) Greek Parthenon (Britannica) Greek Parthenon (Mark Cartwright: Ancient History)
duke Ling of Qin/Qin Ling Gong/Ying Ling (s of Ying Zhaozi of Qin; grand-son of duke Huai of Qing) b: c. 445BCE d: 415BCE
Artaxerxes ii/ Artaxerxes ii Mnemon/ Ahasuerus/ Achasuerus/ Achashverosh of Persia (son of Darius ii; brother of Cyrus the younger) b: c. 440BCE d: 358BCE (book of Esther/Purim) m1: Vashti (d of ??Belshazzar/ Belshatzer/ Baltazar/ Bel-sar-usur/ Bel protect the king & ??) m2: Esther
Epaminondas (s of Polymnis/Polymis) b: c.425BCE in Thebes d: 362BCE in Mantinea (Mark Cartwright: Ancient History Encyclopedia.eu)
Ochus/ Ochos/ Umakus Artaxerxes iii/ Ataxerxes Ochus/ Artaxsaca/ Ardasir/ Achasuerus/ Artasyrus/ Irtakiksaissa/ Artahasaissu/ whose rule is through truth (son of Xerxes iii & Stateira) b: c. 425BCE d: 338BCE August or September
Cyrus the Younger (s of Darius ii; brother of Artaxerxes ii) b: c. 424 d: 401BCE at Cunaxa about 100 miles North of Babylon, 300 miles South of Ninevah/ Baghdad
Shishunaga dynasty c. 413BCE - 345BCE
c. 400 BCE: Celtic invasion of Italy; the Etruscans expelled from the Po valley.
c. 400BCE the Romans establish Judices to hear legal disputes
Yuezhi/ Rouzhi/ Yueh-chih/ Yue-Chi/ Tokarians/ Tocharians 4th century BCE - , Yue-Chi (Theodora/1910 Encyclopedia Britannica), Yuezhi/Yueh-chih (Ancient World History), Yuezhi/ Yueh-chi/ Kushan empire (Global Security)
Arabic language first emerged between 4th century BCE & 1st century BCE
Hellenistic Weapons & Armour: 400BCE-150BCE
Antipater/ Antipatros (Ancient.EU) (HistoryOfMacedonia.org) () b:c.400BCE d: 319BCE
Xiongnu in China c. 400BCE - c. 460CE (WickedPedia)
history of Jews in Greece from c. 400BCE - (WickedPedia) Greece virtual Jewish history tour (Jewish Virtual Library)
Romaniote Jews/Romanyotim (WickedPedia)
2018-01-10: Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith & Pierre Zalloua: Phys.org: ancient Phoenician DNA from Sardinia & Lebanon reflects settlement, integration & female mobility 2018-01-16: Meredith Brand: Nature: ancient DNA reveals Phoenician tracks around Mediterranean 2018-01-10: Meredith Brand: Science Daily: ancient Phoenician DNA from Sardinia & Lebanon reflects settlement, integration & female mobility
Nectanebo i of Egypt/ Kheperkare Nakhtnebef/ Nakhthorheb (s of Djedhor & *mu) b:c.400BCE d:c.360BCE
390 BCE: First Celt-Roman encounter at Clusium.
battle of Allia Senones led by Brennus sack parts of Rome 390-07-18BCE or 387-07-18BCE Brennus (Heritage History) Brennus Brennus (ancient.eu) Senones Senones/Semnones 6 times Rome was sacked (History.com) 7 times Rome was sacked (History.com)
Mithridates ii of Cius (possibly son of Ariobarzanes of Cius/?Ariobarzanes of Phrygia?/Ariyaubrdhna/Ario Barzan) b: c. 386BCE d: 302BCE (WickedPedia)
Aristotle (ancient.eu) (son of Nicomachus; brother of Arimneste) b: c. 384BCE in Stageira d: 322BCE in Euboea (343BCE- tutored Alexander)
⚭: with Pythias the elder b:c.375BCE d:c.320BCE (adopted by Hermias of Atarneus. biologist, embryologist.)
Philip ii Macedon (s of Amyntas iii & Eurydice i) b: 382BCE at Passaron/Pella, Macedon d: 336 October BCE at Aigai, Macedon
Nectanebo ii of Egypt//Nakhthorheb/ strong is Horus of Hebit (s of Tjahapimu; gs of ?Nectanebo i of Egypt/Kheperkare Nakhtnebef/ Nakhthorheb?; ggs of ?Djedhor?; ?relative of Nepherites i? & ?Achoris?) b:c.380BCE d:c.340BCE (defeated by Persians under Artaxerxes iii & Greeks under ??, betrayed by Mentor of Rhodes. Egypt was repeatedly conquered, by Israel (back & forth), Persians, Alexander of Macedon, Rome, France, England)
after 380 BCE: Rome rebuilt; Samnites form an alliance.
Pythias the younger (d of Aristotle & Pythias the elder) d: before 322BCE (c.330BCE? c.340BCE?) m1: Nicanor (s of Arimneste) m2: Procles of Sparta m3: Metrodorus
duke Xiao of Qin/Qin Xiao Gong/Ying Quliang (s of Xian of Qin) b: c. 380BCE d: 247BCE (WickedPedia)
Darius iii/Artashata/Darius Codomannus/Darios (s of Arsames of Ostanes & Sisygambis) b:c.380BCE in Persia d: 330 July BCE in Bactria
⚭: with Stateira i () b: 370BCE d: 332BCE
Greece c. 370BCE
Boeotia, Greece c. 370BCE
Ptolemy i soter/Ptolemy lagides/Ptolemaios (s or step-son of Lagus/rabbit & Arsinoe or s of Philip ii of Macedon/Macedonia & Olympias of the Molossians; uncle or brother of Alexander iii) b: c. 367BCE in Macedonia d: 282 January in Alexandria, Egypt
Cassander/ Cassandros (s of Antipater & ??; gs of Iolaus) b: 355BCE d: 297BCE
⚭: with Thessalonike of Macedon (d of Philip ii & Nicesipolis; step-sister of Alexander iii the great) b: 347BCE d:295BCE
Seleucus i nicator (son of Antiochus & Laodice) c. 358BCE - 281BCE
⚭: with 324BCE at Susa to Apama of Persia/Apama of Sogdiana (possibly daughter of Spitamenes)
Alexander iii the great (son of Philip ii of Macedon & Olympias of Epirus; gs of Amyntas iii founder of Macedon & Eurydice i and Neoptolemus i of Epirus; ggs of Arrhidaeus and Sirras and Alcetas i; 2ggs of Amyntas) b: 356-07-20 or 356-07-21 BCE Pella, Macedon d: 323-06-10 or 323-06-11 BCE at Babylon, Mesopotamia (343BCE- student of Aristotle)
⚭1: with Roxana of Bactria (East of Persia; West of India)
⚭2: with Stateira ii of Persia m3: Parysatis ii of Persia
354 BCE: Romans and Samnites ally against the Latins.
Diagoras fl. c. 350BCE opposed use of opium due to it being addictive. (there seems to be some conflation of Diagoras of Melos c. 550BCE & Diagoras of Cyprus c. 350BCE) (Gregory Tsoucalas: Balkan Medical Union)
Nicomachus (s of Aristotle & Pythias the elder) b: c. 350BCE in Stageira
Chandragupta Maurya b: c. 350BCE at Palalputra, Magadha (Bihar, India) d: c. 295BCE at Chandragiri/Karnataka, India
Seuthes iii b: c. 350BCE d: c. 300BCE buried: Golyamata Kosmatka near Kazanlik, Bulgaria
Xiongnu/Shiongnu/Hsiung-nu/Hung-nouh/Hing-noo c. 350BCE - 1BCE (WickedPedia) Xiongnu/Hsiung-nu (Ancient World History)
Berenice i of Egypt (d of Magas & Antigone) b: c. 340BCE in Macedonia d: between 279BCE & 268BCE in Egypt
⚭1: c. 325BCE (his 2nd wife) with Philip (s of Amyntas) b: c. 350BCE d: c. 318BCE
Nanda empire c. 345BCE - 321BCE (WickedPedia)
343-341 BCE: 1st Samnite War.
341-338 BCE: Latin War, ending in Roman victory.
c.338BCE Judith widow of Menasses & Abra her servant slew Holofernes b: c. 359BCE d: c. 338BCE
map Alexander 336BCE-323BCE
map Alexander 334BCE-323BCE
Baalbeq/Baalbek/Heliopolis, Lebanon settled c. 9KBCE, town founded between 2900BCE & 2300BCE by proto-Phoenicians; 332BCE Alexander of Macedonia renamed it Heliopolis c.310CE Christianized by Constantine 635CE or 637CE conquered by Mohammedan Arabs; Byzantines re-took it in 748CE & 975CE; 1171CE by French crusaders; Mongols in 1260CE & 1400CE; Turks in 1517. (Bible Places)
Coele-Syria/Coele syria/Coelesyria/Coelosyria/Celesyria c. 332BCE-64BCE
kingdom of Armenia c. 331BCE-428CE
map Alexander 334BCE-323BCE
Byzantine empire c. 330BCE-1453CE (WickedPedia)
Antipater ii of Macedon (s of Cassander & Thessalonike of Macedon) b:c.330BCE d:294BCE
leaders/ dukes/ counts/ kings of Armorica/ Bretagne 325BCE - 1941CE
Euclid/ Eukleides/ true son of Kle/Euclid of Alexandria () b: c. 325BCE possibly in Greece or Tyre or ??? d: c.270BCE (Math History: U of St.Andrews) (Britannica)
StudyLight: map Macedonian empire of Alexander the great (c. 323BCE)
Magas of Cyrene/Cyrenaica (s of Philip & Berenice) b: c. 320BCE in Macedonia d: 250BCE in Cyrene/Cyrenaica in modern Libya
⚭: with Apama ii (d of Antiochus i soter & Stratonice of Syria) b: c. 292BCE d: after 249BCE
map Asia 323BCE (Thomas A. Lessing: wikipedia)
323 BCE: Alexander died in Babylon; his generals, the Diadochi, began to quarrel over the inheritance.
⚭: with Stratnice of Syria (d of Demetrius poliorcetes/Demetrius i of Macedon/the besieger of cities & Phila; gd of Antigonus i monophthalmus & Stratonice and Antipater)
Maurya empire c. 322BCE - 185BCE (nice maps+pix of artifacts) (WickedPedia)
Hellenist Seleucid empire 312BCE-63BCE (WickedPedia)
Ashoka b: c. 304BCE d: c. 232BCE (WickedPedia), Ahoka (Christian Violatti: Ancient History.eu), Ashoka (Amulya Chandra Sen: Britannica), Ashoka was not a pacifist (Hindustan Times)
kingdom of Caucasian Iberia/Hiberia/Kartli/Kartlis Samepo c. 302BCE - 580CE (WickedPedia) between Black Sea/Pontus Euxinus & Caspian Sea Kartli/Iberia 12th-century BCE - (Britannica)
301 BCE: Asia Minor and parts of Macedonia fall to Lysimachus, the rest of Macedonia to Cassander; Egypt to Ptolemy; Persia and Syria to Seleucus.
kingdom of Khotan c. 300BCE to c. 1006CE (WickedPedia) (around the Taklamakan/Taklah Makan desert Tarim basin) city of Khotan/Hotan/Xoten/Hetian/Yutian (S of Aksu/Kumo; SE of Kashgar/Kashi/Shule; SSW of Kuqa/Kucha/Kuche/Qiuci; SW of Turpan/Turfan/Jushi) buried silk road cities of Khotan (Athena Review)
kingdom of Fergana c. 300BCE - 600CE (WickedPedia)
Ptolemy ii Philadelphus () b: c. 300BCE d: 246BCE Ptolemy ii Philadelphus (Britannica)
Archimedes of Sicily (son of Phidias) b: c. 287BCE in Syracuse d: c. 212BCE in Syracuse (WickedPedia) Archimedes (Britannica)
Antiochus ii theos (son of Antiochus i soter & Stratonice of Syria) c. 286BCE - 246BCE
⚭: with his cousin Laodice i (d of Achaeus; gd of Seleucis i nicator; sister of Andromachus)
Diodotus i soter of Bactria b: c. 285BCE d: c. 239BCE (WickedPedia)
283 BCE: battle of the Vadimonian Lake (where in 309 the Etruscans had been defeated by the Romans).
king Zhuangxiang of Qin/ Ying Yiren/ Ying Zichu (s of Xiaowen of Qin & Xia) b: c. 281BCE d: 247BCE
279 BCE: Celtic invasions of Greece under Bolgios and Brennus; Antigonus Gonatas drives Ceraunos from the Macedonian throne, Ceraunos falls in battle with the Celts.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, Egypt/Shahhat, Libya (son of Aglaos) b: c. 276BCE in Cyrene d: 194BCE in Alexandria Eratosthenes (U of St. Andrews, Scotland) Eratosthenes (Britannica)
StudyLight: map break-up of Alexandrian/ Macedonian empire (c.275BCE)
Arsaces/ Arsakes/ Arsak/ Ask i of Parthia/little hero (s of Phriapites & ??) b: c. 270BCE d: 217BCE
Ptolemy iii euergetes (son of Ptolemy ii & Arsinoe i)
245BCE to his cousin Berenice of Cyrene et Egypt (d of Magas of Cyrene & Apama ii) b: 267BCE or 266BCE at Cyrene, Libya d: 221BCE
Seleucus ii callinicus pogon (son of Antiochus ii theos & Laodice i) c. 265BCE - 225BCE
⚭: with his cousin Laodice ii (d of Andromachus; gd of Achaeus; ggd of Seleucus i nicator; 2ggd of Antiochus & Laodice)
first Punic war (between Rome & Carthaginians/Phoenicians) 264BCE -241BCE
Qin Shi Huang/ 1st emperor of Qin/Shihuangdi/ 1st emperor/ Ying Zheng/ Zhao Zheng (s of Zhuangxiang or possibly Lu Buwei & Zhao) b: 259-02-19 BCE d: 210-09-10 BCE Shihuangdi (Britannica) Shi Huangdi (Joshua J. Mark: Ancient History Encyclopedia.eu)
Mithridates ii of Pontus (s of Ariobarzanes) b: c. 250BCE d: c. 215BCE
⚭: with Laodice
Chazal/ha keminu zekronam le berekah c. 250BCE to c. 625CE
Roman warm period c. 250BCE - c. 400CE
Parthian/ Arsakid/ Arsacid empire c. 247BCE - c. 224CE
Antiochus iii the great (son of Seleucus ii callinicus pogon & Laodice ii) c. 241BCE near Susa, SW Persia d: 187-07-03 BCE near Susa, SW Persia (Greek. king of Seleucid empire)
⚭: with Laodice iii (d of Mithridates ii of Pontus & Laodice)
Ptolemy iv philopator (son of Ptolemy iii & Berenice ii) c. 240BCE - c. 204BCE
⚭: with Arsinoe iii of Egypt philopator b: 246BCE or 245BCE d: 204BCE
Mithridates iii (s of Mithridates ii of Pontus & Laodice) b: c. 240BCE d: c. 185BCE (WickedPedia)
decree of Canopus carved 238BCE in praise of Ptolemy iii euergetes & his wife Berenice, & their daughter Berenice
223 BCE: the Roman legions begin to advance along the Po valley, conquer Mediolanum, capital of the Insubres, and found colonization.
Qin/Chin dynasty in China c. 221BCE - c. 206BCE (WickedPedia), Qin/Chin dynasty in China (Gabriel Peralta: Ancient History.eu), Qin/Chin dynasty in China (Britannica)
Xiongnu c. 215BCE - c. 600CE (WickedPedia)
Ben Sira/Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira/Simon ben Joshua ben Aliazar ben Sira/Simon ben Yahushaa ben Eliezer ben Sira/Jesus ben Sirach b: c. 200BCE d: c. 150BCE (possibly lived in Jerusalem & Alexandria.)
Essenes 2nd century BCE - 1st century CE (WickedPedia) and Essenes (Catholic Encyclopedia/New AdVent) and 2017-01-20: who were the Essenes (Biblical Archaeology/Bible History Daily)
Wusum/descendants of corvids/horse-people 2nd century BCE - 5th century CE (WickedPedia)
Kangju/Kaunchi/Kang-chu culture 2nd century BCE to 8th century CE
Euthydemus ii of Greco-Bactria (s of Demetrius i of Bactria) b: c. 200BCE d: c. 170BCE (WickedPedia)
Ptolemy v epiphanes/Ptolemy v the illustrious (son of Ptolemy iv philopator & Arsinoe iii of Egypt) b: c. 200BCE d: 181BCE ⚭: with Cleopatra the Syrian/Cleopatra i Syra (d of Antiochus iii the great & Laodice iii; gd of Mithridates ii of Pontus & Laodice; ggd of Ariobarzanes and Atiochus ii theos & Laodice i) b: c. 204BCE d: c. 177BCE (ancestors of Cleopatra i Syra)
Vandals c. 200BCE - (WickedPedia) and 2014-11-25: Joshua J. Mark (Ancient Europe) and 2014-06-06: Owen Jarus (Live Science)
Antiochus iv Epiphanes (son of Antiochus iii & Laodice iii) c. 215BCE - 164BCE (WickedPedia), Antiochus the mad-man (My Jewish Learning), David Stevens v. Stephen Berger (Family Guardian.org), David Stevens v. Stephen Berger (Justia), David Stevens v. Stephen Berger (Leagle)
Pharnaces i of Pontus (s of Mithridates iii & Laodice) b: c. 210BCE d: c. 169BCE
⚭: c. 172BCE with 1st cousin once removed Nysa (d of Antiochus & Laodice iv)
c. 200 BCE: Polybius, son of Lykortas of Megalopolis was born.
Indo-Scythian kingdom c. 200BCE to c. 400CE
Ptolemy vi philometor (son of Ptolemy v & Cleopatra i of Syria) c. 200BCE - 181BCE
rosetta/rashid stone carved 196BCE during reign of Ptolemy v epiphanes/Ptolemy v the illustrious
high-priest/ kohan gadol Menelaus b: c. 190 BCE d: c. 160 BCE (WickedPedia)
Mithridatees i of Parthia/ Mihrdat/ Mithridates i the great (s of Pirapatius; descendant of Phriapites) b:c. 190BCE d: 132BCE
how significant was the battle of Magnesia in 190BCE (Tristan Hughes: Turning Points of the Ancient World)
Jonathan/ Yahunatan Apphus/ Apfous/ diplomat ben Mattathias/ Matatiyahu ben Johanan/ Yochanan ha kohen c. 187BCE - 143BCE (see also D.C. O'Driscoll genealogy pages on Chasmoneans)
Demetrius i soter (son of Seleucus iv philopator & Laodice iv) c. 185BCE - c. 150BCE m1: Apama m2: Laodice v
Simon/Shimon/Simeon Maccabeus/tassi/director/counselor/zealous ben Mattathias/Matatiyahu ben Johanan/Yochanan ha kohen c. 185BCE - 135 February BCE (WickedPedia) (139BCE achieved recognition by Roman republic.)
Ptolemy viii physcon/Ptolemaios viii the 2nd benefactor/Ptolemy viii euergetes ii (son of Ptolemy v Epiphanes & Cleopatra i Syra) b: c. 182BCE d: 116-06-26 (ancestors)
Greek Acra/Akra/Cheqra/Cheqrah/fortress of Jerusalem c. 175BCE - c. 135BCE (WickedPedia) Elizabeth Palermo: site of Chasmonean/Maccabee revolt un-earthed (Live Science) Andrew Lawle3 (National Geographic) and (City of David)
3rd Macedonian War 171BCE-168BCE Romans defeated Macedonia, Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, forces from Crete, Aetolia, Athamania, at battle of Pydna, selling 150K from Epirus, captured by a subterfuge, into slavery Epirus/Epirotes (NW Greece) Illyrians/Illyrioi/Illyrii (NW Greece) Molossians/Molossoi/Mollosoi (NW Greece) Atitanians/Atintanians/Atintanes/Atintanioi (NW Greece) battle of Pydna in 168BCE (S of Pydna; SE of Kitros; E of Mt. Olympus)
Mithridates v of Pontus/Mithradates Euergetes (s of Pharnaces i of Pontus & Nysa) b: c. 170BCE d: c. 120BCE (WickedPedia)
Sanhedrin c. 170BCE to c. 400CE
Hasmonean kingdom c. 170BCE-37BCE from the revolt against the Macedonian/ Greek/ Hellenistic/ Ptolemean/ Seleucid empire to the Roman occupation & the Herodian Idumeans & Tzeddekim/ Sadduces/ Boethusians Maccabeean/ Asmonean/ Hasmonean/ Chasmonean Israel c. 167BCE-147BCE (from biblestudy.org), c. 200BCE - 37BCE (WickedPedia)
Pharisees c. 167BCE - 73CE (WickedPedia)
Antiochus vii sidetes (son of Demetrius i soter & Laodice v or Apama) c. 160BCE - c. 129BCE
⚭: 137BCE with Cleopatra thea eueteria (d of Ptolemy vi & Cleopatra ii; sister of Cleopatra iii) c. 164BCE - c. 120BCE
John Hyrcanus ben Simon/Shimon/Simeon Maccabeus/tassi/director/counselor/zealous ben Mattathias/Matatiyahu ben Johanan/Yochanan ha kohen c. 150BCE - 104BCE (WickedPedia) (associated with Sadducee/Tzedekim/Tzedukim.)
Nicomedes/ Nikomedes iii of Bithynia euergetes/benefactor b: c. 150BCE d: c. 94BCE (when Rome asked for troops, he replied that the extortionists & slavers had taken all of the military-age men; the Roman senate issued a ruling that slaves taken from allies must be freed; Sicily freed several hundred, but realized it would cripple their agriculture, cutting shipments of wheat, olives, & grapes to Rome, and kept the rest in slavery.) (Livius.org) (geneanet.org) (Bible Atlas.org)
Rome destroyed Carthage c. 149BCE Spring
Rome defeated Corinth & Greece 146BCE becoming circum-Mediterranean super-power
Mithridates vi of Pontus/Mithradates/Eupator Dionysius (s of Mithridates v of Pontus & Laodice vi) b: c. 140BCE at Sinope d: c. 63BCE
Simeon/ Shimon ha Nasi ben Shetach/ Shatach (sister of queen Salome Alexandra) b: c. 140BCE d: c. 60BCE
first Roman servile war 135BCE - 132BCE (slavery in ancient Rome)
Gaius Avidius Cassius (s of Gaius Avidius Heliodorus & Julia Cassia Alexandra; gs of Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus & Cassia Lepida) b:c.130CE in Egypt or Cyrrhus, Syria d:175 July in Rome or Filippi, Greece (Geni) (geneanet.org) m1: Anna Galeria Faustina m2: Volusia Vettia Maeciana (d of Lucius Volusius Maecianus)
Ptolemy xii Auletes/Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Philopator Philadelphos (s of Ptolemy ix Soter) b:c.117BCE d: before 51-03-22 BCE
Yemenite Jews archaeologically confirmed 110BCE - 1950CE (legends of proto-Jewish and Jewish residence beginning in a range from 2468BCE to 1450BCE to 500CE)
map: Israel 110BCE
Hillel the elder/Hillel ha Zaqen/Zaken (paternal descendant of Benjamin, maternal descendant of David; brother of Shevna/Shebna) b: c. 110BCE or 70BCE in Babylon d: 10CE in Jerusalem, Israel (Meldel Adelman: ChaBaD) (Geni.com) (Lisa Jo Rudy: Learn Religions)
⚭: with Shehnya bat Aliab
map: Israel 104BCE
map: Israel 103BCE
Gaius/Caius Julius Caesar iv (s of Gaius/Caius Julius Caesar iii & Aurelia Cotta) b: 100-07-12 or 100-07-13 BCE in Rome d: 44-03-15 BCE in Rome ( invaded Britain in 55BCE & 54BCE with goals including obtaining gold, silver, tin, iron, & slaves ; buying a slave in Roman Britain: evidence from the tabulae (Lucasz Jan Korporowicz; U of Lodz, Poland) ; Roman slave trade (Camelot International); Julius Caesar in Britain (Brenda Lewis: British Heritage))
3rd Roman servile war 104BCE - 100BCE ( slavery in ancient Rome )
after 101 BCE: after the wars against the Cimbri and Teutoni, Posidonius undertook a final journey to find out to which people thee tribes belonged.
Bagratuni dynasty/Bagratids c. 100BCE - 1045CE (WickedPedia)
Asmonean/ Hasmonean/ Chasmonean/ Maccabee family tree
Bible-History 100BCE - 4BCE (bible-history)
Israel 1st century BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Antipater the Idumaean/ Edomite/ land of descendants of Esau/ Esav/ Aasu b: c.100BCE d: 43BCE (WickedPedia) (These folks/the Herodian family were heavily influenced by Macedonians -- Alexander the great and Ptolemy and Seleucus -- in their incestuous marriages, which is one of the reasons the Jewish people were kind of grossed out by them.)
StudyLight: map Roman empire & civil wars 100BCE-30BCE
Armenia 100BCE - 95BCE
development of armored cavalry 100BCE-1066CE
Choni/ Honi ha Maagel/ Honi the Circle-Drawer b: c. 100BCE d: c. 63BCE (grand-father of Hanan the Hidden/Hanan ha Nehba & Abba Chilqiah)
Rabban Gamaliel ben Simeon ben Hillel the elder c. 90BCE - c. 50CE
Ariovistus king of Suevi/Suebi/Swabians Germans b: c. 85BCE d: after 60BCE (settled in the Black Forest area) (WickedPedia)
Gaius Cassius Longinus (s of Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus & ???; brother of Lucius Cassius Longinus; brother of Quintus Cassius Longinus) b: 80-10-03 BCE Italian peninsula d: 42-10-03 BCE at Philippi (BritishMuseum) (geni)
⚭: with Junia Tertia (d of Decimus Junius Silanus & Servilia; step-sister of Brutus)
time-line 80s BCE
Berenice iv of Egypt (d of Ptolemy xii Auletes/Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Philopator Philadelphos & Cleopatra v of Egypt) b: 77BCE at Alexandria d: 58BCE at Alexandria
3rd Roman servile war 73BCE - 71BCE ( slavery in ancient Rome
Herod the great (s of Antipater the Idumaean & Cypros) b: c. 73BCE d: 4BCE at Jericho, Israel (WickedPedia) m1: Doris (sister of Theudion who was 2nd husband of Berenice) m2: Mariamne i (d of Alexandros of Judea & Alexandra Maccabeus) d: 29BCE m3: Mariamne ii (d of Simon Boethus) m4: Malthace from Samartia m5: Cleopatra of Jerusalem m6: Pallas m7: Phaidra/Phaedra/Phedra m8: Elpis m9: his cousin m10: his niece
Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE
Caesarea, Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE
Jerusalem, Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE
Decapolis: 10 cities in Roman-occupied Israel, Jordan & Syria 63BCE-106CE
Cleopatra vii Philopator (d of Ptolemy xii Auletes & Cleopatra v/vi Tryphaena) b: 69BCE d: 30-08-10 or 30-08-12 BCE (Bible-History) (ancient.eu) (WickedPedia) (History.com) (Live Science)
Israel c. 67BCE
list of Roman emperors Octavius/Augustus - Nero; Flavians (Galba - Domitian); Nerva-Antonine (Nerva - Commodus); Pertinax - Severus Alexander; Maximinus Thrax - Carinus; Diocletian - Julian; Jovian - Eugenius; Western Theodosians (Honorius - Valentinian iii) & Eastern Theodosians (Arcadius - Marcian); Western (Petronius Maximus - Romulus) & Leonids (Leo i - Anastasius i); Justinians (Justin i - Phocas); Heraclius - Justinian ii; "anarchy" (Leontios - Theodosius iii); Issaurians (Leo iii - Irene of Athens); Nikephorians (Nikephoros i - Leo v the Armenian); Amorians (Michael ii - Michael iii the drunkard); Macedonians (Basil i - Isaac i Komnenos); Doukids (Constantine x - Nikephoros iii); Komnenids (Alexios i Komnenos - Andronikos i & John Komnenos); Angelid (Isaac ii Angelos - Alexios v Doukas); Laskarids (Theodore i Laskaris - John iv Laskaris); Palaiologans (Michael viii Palaiologos - Constantine xi Dragases Palaiologos over-run & killed while defending Constantinople against Ottoman attack)
StudyLight: map Roman empire invasion & occupation of Israel & neighboring countries (63BCE)
Gaius Octavia/ imperator caesar divi filius augustus/ Augustus Caesar/ Caesar Augustus (s of Gaius Octavius iv & Atia Balba Caesonia; gs of Gaius Octavius iii and Marcus Atius Balbus & Julia minor; ggs of Gaius Octavius ii and Marcus Atius Balbus & Pompeia and Gaius Julius Caesar iii & Aurelia Cotta) b: 63 September 23 BCE in Rome d: 14 August 19 CE at Nola, Italia (WickedPedia) / (History Channel) / (EU ancient history) m1: 42BCE to Clodia Pulchra m2: 40BCE to Scribonia m3: 37BCE to Livia Drusilla ( ancestors and descendants ) (warning: these show more than one "Julia Minor")
StudyLight: map Roman empire in the age of Augustus/ Octavian
Ptolemy xiii Theos Philopator (s of Ptolemy xii Auletes) b: 62BCE or 61BCE d: 47-01-13 BCE
Tribes of Southern Scotland & Northen Britain: Novantae/Novant
Gallia/Western Europe c. 54BCE
battle of Carrhae/Charran/Harran 63BCE (biblical temporary home of Terah/Terech/ תרח /Terach ben Nechur & Abram/Abraham after they left Ur & before the latter moved from Charan into Israel to settle across from the terebinths/pistachios/oaks/turpentine trees of Mamre, between Chebron/Hebron & Jerusalem, Judea & possibly at the site Khirbet Ramat Khalil; much closer, maybe 2 miles NE of Chebron; 11-12 miles SSW of BethLechem: Genesis/BeRashith 11:31 & 12:4)
Cyrenius/ Publius Sulpicius Quirinius/ Kuranios/ Kurthniou/ Kureniou (Wikipedia) () b: c. 51BCE d: 21CE /
c. 50 BCE: Shammai b: c. 50BCE d: c. 30CE (member of Beth Din of the Sanhedrin; among last of the 5 Zugot along with Hillel; they & their students frequently debated with Shammai taking a stringent position and Hillel a looser position)
47 BCE: Caesar conquered Pontus; the whole army of Asia Minor including Galatia transferred to Roman hands.
Tiberius Claudius Nero/ Tiberius caesar divi augusti filius augustus/ Tiberius Julius Caesar (s of Tiberius Claudius Nero & Livia Drusilla; gs of Drusus Claudius Nero i & Claudia and Appius Claudius Pulcher/Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus & Aufidia; ggs of Marcus Aufidius Lurco) b: 42 November 16 BCE in Rome d: 37 March 16 CE at Misenum, Italy (WickedPedia) / (Roman-Empire.net) / (EU ancient history) / (Roman Emperors.org) m1: 19BCE to Vipsania Agrippina (d of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa & Pomponia Caecilia Attica) b: 36BCE d: 20CE m2: 11BCE to Julia the elder (d of Octavius/Augustus Caesar & Scribonia) b: 39 October 30 BCE at Rome d: 14CE at Rhegium
Sicilian slave revolt c. 44BCE - 31BCE
Sapadbizes of Bactria b: c. 40BCE - 1BCE Bactria (Jan van der Crabben: Ancient History Encyclopedia) Greco-Bactrian kingdom (WickedPedia)
Rabbi Zadok b: before 30CE and probably before 30BCE d: after 70CE (Descendant of Benjamin. Contemporary of Joshua ben Chananiah, Eliezer ben Hurcanus, and Yochanan ben Zakai.)
2017-06-24 (5777 Sivan 30) Yochanan ben Zakai/ Yohanan/ Jochanan/ Johanan b: c. 30BCE d: c. 90BCE buried: within Maimonides burial compound in Tiberias, Israel. Last student of R' Hillel, also student of Shammai. Teacher of Eliezer ben Hurcanus, Yehoshua ben Hananiah/Chananiah, Elazar ben Arach. After Roman destruction of 2nd Temple 70CE, moved his school, and the sanhedrin about 20-42 miles WWNW to Yavne/ Yavneh/ Yebnah/ Jamnia/ Yibna (about 9.3 miles NE of Ashdod, SE of Palmachim, 4.3 miles from the Mediterranean) which had been settled since at least the Middle Bronze Age. Sanhedrin moved to Usha c. 80CE, returned to Yavneh c. 116CE, then back to Usha c. 135CE. [later academies/yeshivot were established in the area of Tiberias, in Mesopotamia/ Akkad/ Assyria/ Babylon/ Iraq at Sura, Nehardea, Pumbedita/Pumbeditha (NW of Nehardea), Mehoza/Mahoza, Baghdad.
Biblical Israel (G)
⚭: with Berenice (d of Costobarus governor of Idumea & Salome i)
Herodian Israel 30BCE-70CE
StudyLight: map splitting of Herod's princedom
Maroboduus b:c.30BCE d:37CE at Ravenna, Italy/Rome (king of Marcomanni) (Britannica) Maroboduus Maroboduus
Gamaliel the elder / R' Gamaliel i / R' Gamliel / Gamaliel ben Simeon ben Hillel the elder / HaZeqen Gamlial) (son of Simeon; grand-son of Hillel the elder) d: c. 52CE (3813 anno mundi)
children:
Simeon ben Gamliel/Shimon ben Gamaliel/Simon ben Gamaliel ben Hillel;
daughter;
Abibas ben Gamaliel ben Simeon ben Hillel.
Heraios/Ilou/Maou/Miaou of Kush (NW of Iran/Persia) b: c. 20BCE d: c. 30CE
Abgar v b: c. 25BCE d: c. 40CE (WickedPedia)
Herod antipater/ Herod antipas (s of Herod the great & Malthace the Samaritan) b: before 20BCE d: after 39CE in Gaul (roughly France) m1: Phasaelis (d of Aretas iv philopatris/Haritat of the Nabataeans/Aeneas) m2: Herodias (d of Aristobulus iv & Berenice; sister of Herod v of Chalkis; sister of Herod Agrippa)
Simeon ben Gamliel i / Shimon ben Gamliel (son of Gamliel i; ?g-grand-son ?2ggs? ?gs? of Hillel the Elder?) b: c. 10BCE d: 70CE buried: Kafr Kanna, near Golani junction, lower Galilee in northern Israel
children:
R' Gamaliel ben Simon/Gamaliel ben Shimon/Rabban Gamaliel ii/Gamliel ii/Gamliel of Yavne/Gamliel of Yavneh/Gamliel of Ibnah/Gamliel of Yabneh/Rabban Gamlial dibnah/Gamlial de Yebnah/Yavneh;
Imma Shlomo bat Simeon m: Eliezer ben Hyrcanos/Eliezer ben Hyrcanus/Eliezer ben Hurcanos.
Nicodemus ben Gurion/son of a lion/Nakdimon ben Gorion/Naqdimon ben Gurion/Buni ben Gurion (s of Gurion?) b: c. 5BCE in Jerusalem, Israel d: c. 60CE (Emil G. Hirsch & Schulim Ochser: Jewish Encyclopedia)
John the baptist/John the baptizer/Yochanan ha Matbil/Iuannos o baptistes/Iuannos o baptizon/John the fore-runner/Yachya the prophet/Yachya ibn Zakariyia (s of Zachary/Zachariah & Elizabeth) b: c. 5BCE in Judea/Israel d: c. 32CE at Machaerus/Muqawir, Perea, Trans-Jordanian Israel (E of the Salt/Dead Sea; E of Metzfah Shelem, SW of Madaba, NW of Rabba, NE of Ein Gedi/Aayn Gedi, ESE of Metzukei Dragot) (according to Luke he was a Naziri, like Samson.) (wikia) (New Advent) (Zondervan Academic)
Herod family tree
"Today going back to the sources has become the fashion... There are many other curiosity shops -- the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Rosicrucians, the Order of Malta, the Templars, the Cathars, the alchemists, the occultists, the cabalists, the convoys of swamis in their Rolls Royces -- need I go on?" --- Carlo Suares 1994 _The 2nd Coming of Reb Yhshwh_ pg 34
"In any event, where foreign policy was at issue, Paul is indistinguishable from Pharisaic teachers like Hillel and Shammai, R' Yohanan b. Zacchai [Yochanan ben Zakkai], and Simeon b. Shetach of an earlier era -- all recommeding a policy of accommodation with Romans and other foreigners; cf. Paul in Romans 13:1ff. See below p. 172 for the War's reference to how this alignment of those 'desirous for peace', when all is lost, actually invites the Romans into Jerusalem to suppress the Uprising... Our answer, provable or not, is that Agrippa ii and Ananus certainly considered they were removing the symbolic center of this agitation when they removed the incarnate 'Righteous One' (Zaddik), 'Pillar', and popular leader of this generation, James the Just [James=Seamus=Jacob=Yaaqeb]... It is possible to identify a series of martyred 'Zaddikim' beginning with Onias the son of Simeon the Zaddik. Judas Maccabee, Honi the Circle-Drawer, his grand-son Hanan the Hidden, John the Baptist (if not identical to Hanan the Hidden), Jesus, James, etc. are all identified in one way or another as 'Zaddikim' in the extant literature." --- Robert H. Eisenman 1996 _The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians_ pp133-134 note37; pp169-170 note35pp195-196
"Rather these accusations are accompanied by on-going evocation of a Pauline-type adversary, who is referred to as the 'WindBag'/'Spouter' and connected from [the Cairo Genizah version especially of the _Damascus Document_], iv to viii with allusions to 'Lying' prophets crying 'peace when there is no peace' (Ezekiel 13:10ff; note that Josephus' 'Saulus' is the intermediary between 'all those desirous of peace' and Agrippa ii [Herod Agrippa ii]), a 'blaspheming Tongue', 'pouring out Lies', 'daubing upon the wall' [i.e. grafitti propagandist], 'departing from the Way' (in _Damascus Document_ i-ii, 'leading astray in a trackless waste without a Way' and 'removing the boundary markers' [limits to avoid slipping into sin]; note the inversion here of 'wilderness'/'Way' imageries), and 'the Way of Traitors'. The 'Riches' charge...is usually acompanied by the imagery of 'fornication'... 'robbing the Poor [or Meek]', 'gathering Riches', and 'profiteering from the spoils of the Peoples' [diverting sacrifices], and even includes an allusion to 'keeping away' (lehinnazer -- [which has] the same root as the word 'Nazirite')..." --- Robert H. Eisenman 1996 _The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians_ pp208-209
"In every embodiment of the tradition, as it emerges in these Talmudic sources, the reference invariably is to 'galtah'/'exiled' -- in 2, variations occur; 1 incorporating the usage nigli, that is, 'let us be exiled', and 1, the more interesting perhaps for our purposes, actually using the word 'galut', in this case meaning 'House of Exile'. in every one...the peculiar root GLH [gimel lamedh heh] used in the Habakkuk Pesher in its discussion of the Wicked Priest's behavior towards the Righteous Teacher, is used to discuss the *Sanhedrin's exile from the Temple mount*, and in the view of thse sources, from Divine favor, in the years prior to the fall of Jerusalem, the period of the stoning of James/Jacobemus/Yaqub. In addition, these references are associated in several places with both the illegality of imposing the death sentence in capital trials beause of this 'exile' and, not insignificantly where the presentation of the trial and death of James in early [Roman Catholich Church] sources is concerned, the fall of the Temple and/or departure of God's presence from the Temple. Particularly in the tractates Sanhedrin and Avodah Zarah, the usage refers to the illegality of passing the death sentence under such circumstances... in James's case the passing of a death sentence was considered in all early [Roman Catholic Church] sources a monstrous miscarriage of justice. Again, we find additional resonance...in Josephus vis-a-vis the death of James that 'the more righteous among the population and those most worried about breaking the Law' objected to what was done to James. Though the Talmudic references are talking about the impropriety of imposing any death sentence at all when the Sanhedrin was sitting outside its normal place of meeting in the stone chamber of the Temple mount in the years when it was sitting in its 'beit galut' -- that is 'house of exile' or 'exiled house' -- the specific case of sentencing to death by reason of blasphemy [in this case, pronouncing the tetragrammaton, as James=Jacob did in the role of High Priest trying to conduct the Rash HaShanah+Yom Kippur ritual] must be reckoned among these." --- Robert H. Eisenman 1996 _The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians_ pp256-257
list of countries by estimated population in 1CE
the Christian church of the East (Mark Dickens: Oxus Communications)
Helena of Adiabene b: c. 0 d: c. 55CE
Monobaz i/Bazeus/Monobazus king of Adiabene b: c. 0 d: c. 30CE
map Israel 0-100CE
2020-05-01 (5780 Ayr 07) early Sklaveni/early Slavs c. 1CE - c. 1000CE
Alans/Alanni/Alauni/Alanoi/Asi/Os/Uzi/Iasi/Jasy/Olani/Alanliao/Iron c. 1CE-
Tannaim/ Tenaim/ rememberers/ repeaters/ teachers c. 2CE to c. 220CE
Feredac/ Feredaig mac Crimthainan nia Naire/the true (s of Criffan Crimthann/ Ciomthann niad nar mac Lugaid/ mac Lewy) b: c. 5CE d: c. 36CE
(FabPedigree)
StudyLight: map c. 7 CE - c. 35 CE
Tanaim/repeaters c. 10CE to 220CE
census of Cyrenius/ Publius Sulpicius Quirinius/ Kuranios c. 6CE (Wikipedia) (Bible Archaeology.org/Detroit Baptist Theological Journal) once more Quirinius's census... or the one before it or after it or... (Stack Exchange) how could Jesus be born during the reign of Herod, and when Quirinius was governor of Syria, if there is no over-lap in those periods? (time travel?) (Jimmy Akin: Catholic.com) does Luke contradict himself on when Jesus was born?
battle of Teutoburg/Teutobourg Forest 9CE c.September Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructen led by Arminius & Segimer vs. Romans led by Publius Quinctilius Varus/Varrus at what is now Kalkriese (c.62 miles NW of Hameln, 62 miles SW of Bremen, 75 miles West of city of Hannover, 121 miles NW of Herzberg...where now they have a museum & park) (Britannica) (Livius)
Vespasian/Titus Flavius Vespasianus (s of Titus Flavius Sabinus & Vespasia Polla; brother of Flavius Sabinus; gs of Titus Flavius Petro & ?? and Vespasius Pollo & ??) b: 9-11-07CE at Falacrinum, Italian peninsula d: 79-06-23 or 24 at Aquae Cutiliae (built Flavian amphitheatre/Roman colosseum) (Richard Gottheil &am; Samuel Krauss: Jewish Encyclopedia) (Anncient Rome Live.org) m1: Domitilla the elder m2: Caenis
Herod Agrippa i/Marcus Julius Agrippa (son of Aristobulus iv & Berenice; gs of Herod i the great & Mariamne and Costobarus governor of Idumea & Salome i) b: 11BCE d: 44CE at Caesarea (WickedPedia)
StudyLight: map princedom of Herod Agrippa i
⚭: Cypros iii (daughter of Phasael & Cypros)see also (D.C. O'Driscoll's genealogies)
Thervingi, Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths (History) Gutthiuda/ Gutans/ Gutoz/ Gutaniz/ Gutones/ Gutniskr/ Gutes/ Geats/ Gothones a confederation of Scandihoovian/ Scandza & various Germanic people associated with Wielbark artifacts who moved up/South from the Baltic islands & coast along the West side of the Vistula river & East of the Elbe/Albinus river, over the divide, then down to the Black/Euxinus sea via either the Danube or Dniester
Arminius's war with Maroboduus 18CE (OmniAtlas)
Fiache ii/ Fiachaidh iv Fionnolaidh mac Feredaig/ mac Feredac/ white oxen (fionn means fair or pale) (s of Feredac mac Crimthainan nia Naire/ the true & possibly Naira mar Tath Chabob) b: c. 20CE d: c. 56
(FabPedigree)
Julia Berenice of Cilicia/Bernice (d of Herod Agrippa i/Marcus Julius Agrippa & Cypros; gd of Aristobulus iv & Berenice; ggd of Herod the great & Mariamne) b: 28CE d: after 81CE (WickedPedia) m1: c. 42CE to Marcus Julius Alexander (s of Alexander the alabarch of Alexandria; brother of Tiberius Julius Alexander; nephew of Philo Judaeus of Alexandria) b: 16CE d: 44CE m2: 44CE to Herod of Chalcis/Herod v (s of Aristobulus iv; brother of Herod Agrippa i; gs of Herod the great & Mariamne) m3: c. 52 to Polemon ii of Pontus/Marcus Antonius Polemon Pythodoros/Polemon of Cilicia (s of Polemon Pythodoros & Phythodorida of Pontus; brother of Zenon/Artaxias iii of Armenia; gs of Zenon & Tryphaena)
Western Roman empire c. 27BCE - c. 390CE
history of Jews in the Roman empire c. 27BCE - c. 200CE (WickedPedia) Israel under Roman rule (before and after) (Lawrence H. Schiffman: My Jewish Learning) Judea under Roman rule (Craig R. Koester: Enter the Bible)
Herod Agrippa ii/Agrippa ii/Marcus Julius Agrippa (s of Herod Agrippa i/Marcus Julius Agrippa & Cyprus/Cypros iii; gs of Aristobulus iv & Berenice and Phasael & Cypros; ggs of Herod i the great & Mariamne; 2ggs of Alexander ii of Judea/Alexander Maccabeus & Alexandra Maccabeus; 3ggs of Aristobulus ii; 4ggs of Alexander Jannaeus & Salome Alexandra) b:27CE of 28CE d: c.92CE or 100CE (Roman subject "king" of Chalcis. allied with Vespasian in the conquest of Jerusalem & destruction of the Temple.)
(Britannica)
(M. Brann: Jewish Encyclopedia)
(Mary Jane Chaignot: Bible Wise)
Kushan empire c. 30CE to c. 375CE (WickedPedia)
Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Jerusalem c. 33CE - (WickedPedia) list of Eusebius Pamphilius
popes of the Roman Catholic church c. 33CE - (WickedPedia) , popes of the Roman Catholic church c. 32CE - (New Advent)
patriarchs of the church of the East/patriarchs of Babylon c. 33CE - (WickedPedia) , Nestorian patriarchs c. 33CE - (Nestorian.org)
Titus Flavius Vespasianus te ouger (s of Titus Flavius Vespasianus te elder & Flavia Domitilia) b: c. 39 d: c. 81
R' Eliezer ben Hurkenos/ Eliezer ben Hurcanos/ Eliezer ben Hyrcanus/ Aliazar ben Hyrcanus/ Eliezer ha gadol b: c. 40CE d: after 70CE perhaps c. 120CE (his father came to Jerusalem to declare him disinherited, but on finding out his learning was highly respected, instead offered to give him all, which Eliezer refused. helped smuggle his teacher Jochanan ben Zakai/Zakkai out of Jerusalem during Roman siege in 70CE. held a school at Lydda.)
⚭: with Ima Shalom/Imma Shalom (daughter of Simon ben Gamaliel the elder; sister of R' Gamaliel ii ben Simon of Yavneh/Yabnah/Yebnah)
BBC: time-line of Roman Britain c. 43CE - c. 410CE
Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria c. 43CE - (WickedPedia)
Coptic Orthodox popes of Alexandria c. 43CE - (WickedPedia)
Rebbe Akiva ben Yosef / R' Aaqiba ben Yoseph/Aaqebyah/ Akiba ben Joseph/Aqabiah/Rosh la Chachamim) b: between 40CE and 50CE d: c. 135CE buried: at Tiberias on the sea of Galilee/Kinnereth/Gennesereth, after having been imprisoned at Caesarea (essential contributor to _Mishnah_ and _Midrash Halakha_. shepherd. student of Eliezer ben Hyrkanus/Hyrcanus/Hurkenos, Joshua ben Hananiah/Chananya, and Nahum Ish Gamzu. among his thousands of students were R' Meir, Juca ben Ilai, Simeon bar Yohai/Yokhai/Yochai, Jose ben Halafta, Eleazar ben Shammai, R' Nehemiah, Aquila.) (R' Akiva ben Yosef the shepherd (descended from Sisera)
⚭: with Rachel bat Kalba Savua (source, R. Yissocher Frand & R' Pinchas Winston)/ Rachel bat Joshua/ Rachel daughter of Kalba Savua)
Gnaeus Julius Agricola (s of Lucius Julius Graecinus the botanist & Julia Procilla) b: 40-06-13 in Forum Julii/Frejus, Gallia Narbonensis/Narbonne (between Cannes & St. Tropez) d: 93-08-23 in Gallia Narbonensis/Narbonne
⚭: 62CE with Domitia Decidiana (d of Domitius Decidianus?) (Geni)
Titus Flavius Domitianus (s of Titus Flavius Vespasianus te elder & Flavia Domitilia) b: 51 d: 96 in Rome
⚭: with Domitia Longina
Chashtana/Castana/Chastana/Shastana/mahakshtrapa bhadramukha swami of Saka/Scythia (N of Black & Caspian seas) b: c. 58CE d: c. 130CE
Huns c. 50CE to c. 454CE (or possibly 750CE)
Johanan ben Zakkai/ Yochanan ben Zakai/ Rabban (s of Zakkai & ??) b: c. 10CE (pupil of Hillel; head of Pharisees; c.30CE-70CE lived in Jerusalem; founded academy at Yavneh)
Jewish/Israeli populations 1st-8th centuries CE (Jon Entine & Les Pockell 2007 _Abraham's Children: Race, "Identity", and the DNA of the Chosen People_ (432 pages; 305.8924))
Jewish vs. Roman wars 66CE-135CE (WickedPedia)
1st Jewish vs. Roman war 66CE-73CE (WickedPedia)
the Kanai/קנאי/zealots c. 1500BCE- (Phinehas/פיחס/Finechess/Finches/Pinchus/Pinchas/Pinches/Phineas ben Alaazar/Eleazar ben Aharon to today's anti-Zionists) (WickedPedia)
"Freedom of Zion" coins from 67CE or 68CE found c. 19 miles NE of Jerusalem in Judea, Israel;withholder coins from Bar-Kochba revolt against Roman occupation in 134CE-135CE (2021-07-15: Owen Jarus: Live Science)
demographic history of Jerusalem 70CE-
Yochanan ben Zakkai met Vespasian, made treaty for creation of school/ Sanhedrin/ Beth Din at Yavneh/ Yavne/ Jabneh SW of Rechovot
Vima Kadphises of Kush (NW of Iran/Persia)/basileus basileiyon soter megas Ooemo Kadphises/king of kings great savior Wima Kadphises b: c. 70CE d: c. 100CE
NW Germany c.70CE map (groups/tribes: Batavi/Batavia, Frisii/Friesland, Bructeri, Chamavi, Cherusci, Dugambri, Bructeri, Tencteri, Chatti, Usipetes, Mattiaci, Vangiones, Marcomanni, Nemetes, Tulingi, Cugerni, Ubii, Tungri, Cananefates, Menapli, Morini, Nervii, Remi, Axona, Matrona, Treveri, Mediomatrici, Leuci, Bellovaci, Parisii, Aulerci, Senones, Carnutes, Bituriges, Bibracte, Aedui, Sequani, Helvetii, Lingones, Brigante; place-names: Colonia Agrippina/Koeln/Cologne, Bonna/Bonn, Confluentes/Koblenz, Augusta Treverorum/Trier, Moguntiacum/Mainz, Divodurum/Metz, Durocortorum/Reims, Argentoratum/Strasburg, Augusta Vindelicorum/Augsburg, Brigantium/Bregenz, Vindonissa/Windisch, Avaricum/Bourges, Agedincum/Sens, Lutetia/Paris, Gesoriacum/Boulogne, Trajectum/Traiectum/Utrecht, Lugdunum Batavorum/Katwijk, Augusta Rauracorum/Augst)
Nachum ha Alqeshi tomb transcription
Erythraean Sea
StudyLight: map Titus campaigns against Israel (69CE-70CE)
StudyLight: map beginnings of diaspora of Israelis
Joshua ben Hananiah/ Yahushaa ben Chananiah/ Yahushaa ben Cheneniah/ Yahushaa ben Cheneniahu (descendant of Levi; uncle of Hananiah) d: 131CE (student of Johanan ben Zakkai/Yochanan ben Zakai. lived in Berkiin between Jabneh/ Yavneh/ Yavhan/ Jamnia and Lydda.)
emperor Hadrian/Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus (s of Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer & Domitia Paulina; gs of Publius Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus & Ulpia whose brother was the father of Trajan) b: 76-01-24 in Italica near Santiponce (6 miles NW of Seville), Hispania/Spain d: 138-07-10 at Baiae/now in Bacoli, 12 miles W of the center of Naples
⚭: with Vibia Sabina (d of Lucius Vibius Sabinus & Salonia Matidia; gd of Gaius Salonius Matidus Patuinus & Ulpia Marciana sister of Trajan) b: 83CE d: 136CE or 137CE
Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus (s of Gaius Julius Alexander & Julia Iotapa of Cetis; gs of Tigranes vi of Armenia & Opgallis; brother of Gaius Julius Agrippa; brother of Julia Iotapa) b:c.75CE d:c.150
⚭: with Cassia Lepida (d of Cssius Lepidus; gd of Cassius Longinus & Junia Lepida)
Yuezhi/Yueh-chi/Kushan empire 78CE - 225CE (Global Security)
mount Vesuvius erupted 79 August 24 beginning about 13:00 killing or driving out the people of nearby towns Pompeii and Herculaneum and Stabiae and Oplontis and Boscoreale at the ex-urbian edge of modern Naples/Napoli (not to be confused with Lipona :B-); and Pliny the elder and his nephew and Pliny the younger were in Pompeii at the time, and the latter escaped, bringing out their written notes about what happened. Archaeologists are still discovering new information and ways to extract it, e.g. from about 2K papyrus scrolls.
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polytheistic/ Jewish/ Christian kingdom of Aksum/Axum (Ethiopia) c. 100CE - c. 960CE
map invasions of Roman Empire 100CE - 500CE
Ireland & Britain c. 100CE
Simeon bar Yokhai/ Shimon ben Yohai/Yochai b: c. 100 d: c. 199CE (4th generation tannaist/ rememberer/ teacher. one of his students was Yahudah ha Nasi)
map Europe 100CE (EurAtlas)
Lukuas/Andreas c. 85CE - 117CE (WickedPedia)
Quietus/Kitos war 115CE - 117CE (WickedPedia)
bar Kochba revolt 132CE-136CE (WickedPedia)
Hadrian designated the Roman province of Syria Palaestina 135CE-390CE and had
c. 135CE the Sanhedrin moved from Yavne/ Yavneh/ Yavnah/ Ibnah (15-40 miles WWNW of Jerusalem) to Usha (about 9-10 miles E of Haifa, 31 miles W of Tiberias, 10-12 miles SSE of Acre/Akko/Aqqa; 90-100 miles NNW of Jerusalem) Later, they moved to Shepharim/ Shifarum/Shefaram/Safran/Sapharanum/Cafram/Shefa-Amr/Shefraam (5-10 miles ENE of Usha), then scattered to Bet Shearim (11-12 miles S of Shefaram) & Zippori (9-10 miles SE of Shefaram) in Galilee, then to Tiberias where the last Sanhedrin closed in the 400s, contemporaneous or nearly so with a Byzantine church and Christian tombs. Thousands of Jews were captured and sold at markets in Mamre/Botna/Bet Ilanim (about 15 miles SW of Jerusalem, about 1 mile NE of Hebron/Chebrun, Judaea, Israel), Gaza & farther afield as slaves to the point that the price dropped. Meanwhile, the exilarchs (Nahun/Nachun/Nahum/Nehunyon/Ahijah, Johanan/Jochanan, Shaphat, Anan/Huna, Nathan Ukban/Mar Ukban, Huna ii,...), went to Babylon (Sura, Nehardea, Mehoza/Mahoza, Baghdad, & Pumbeditha/ Pumbedita). (source: Aharon Oppenheimer, Apple/Tom Tom maps, ChaBaD, & Bar Ilan U)
Judah i / Yahudah ha nasi / R' HaQadosh/Yehudah ben Shimon ben Gamliel ii ben Shimon ben Gamliel ben Hillel / Judah the prince/Yehudah ben Simeon b: 135CE d: c. 217-12-01 (3978 Kislev 15) (student of Yehudah bar Ilai and of Yose ben Halafta. head of the Sanhedrin. compiler of the _Mishna_. "Much have I learned from my teachers, more from my colleagues, but most from my students." founded school at Beit Shearim; 25-26 miles WSW of Tiberias, 15 miles SW of Haifa, 21-23 miles SSE of Akko/Acre/Aqqa, 26-27 miles NE of Caesarea.) (Shmuel and "the Rav" were students of Yahudah ha Nasi/ Judah Ha-Nasi (source: R' Aaron Parry 2004 _The Talmud_ pp42-43))
Lucius Septimius Severus (s of Publius Septimius Geta & Fulvia Pia; gs of Lucius Septimius Severus) b: 145-04-11 at Leptis Magna/Khoms, Libya (East of Tripoli) d: 211-02-04 at Eboracum/York, England m1: c.175 with Paccia Marciana m2: c.187 with Julia Domna (d of Julius Bassianus; great-niece of Julius Agrippa) b:c.160CE at Emesa/Homs, Syria d: 217CE at Antioch/Antakya buried: mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome (WickedPedia)
map Israel c. 150CE
map Roman Empire c. 150CE
map Roman Britain around 142CE-300CE
?? bar Daisan/?? ibn Daisan/Bardesanes/Bardaisan (s of Nahsiram & Nuhama) b: 154-07-11 in Edessa along the Daisan river
⚭: with ?? (named a son Harmonius.)
Gnaeus Domitius Anniusn Ulpianus b:c.170CE d: 223CE in Rome (jurist. Phoenician?)
Rab/Reb/Rav Abba Arika/Arikha/Arekha/ Abba the tall/ Abba bar Aybo/Aibo (nephew of Chiyya) b: c. 175CE at Kafri near Shiraz, Persia/Iran d: c. 247CE or 299CE (student of Judah i/Yahudah ha nasi/R' HaQadosh/Yehudah ben Shimon ben Gamliel ii ben Shimon ben Gamliel ben Hillel. established a rabbinical school first at Nehardea, then moved in 219CE to Sura/Sora, SSE of Karbala & Najaf along the Euphrates, S of Baghdad, E of Jerusalem. one of the Babylonian Amoraim=speakers)
Ardashir i the unifier b: c. 180CE d: 242 February CE (WickedPedia)
Origen of Alexandria/Origen Adamantius (?son of Leonides of Alexandria?) b: c. 185CE d: c. 253CE (WickedPedia)
c. 1800-1K years ago (200CE-1000CE): start of Little Climatic Optimum (preceded Little Ice Age)
Amoraim/ spokesmen c. 200CE to 500CE
Resh/Rosh/Rash Lakish/ Simeon ben Lakish (s of Lakish & ??) b: c. 200CE d: c. 275CE (gladiator. Israeli Talmudic sage. friend & brother-in-law of Yokhanan bar Napakha with whom he debated halakhic issues. teacher at Tiberias on the Galilee/ Kennesereth/ Geneserreth.)
Jurchen/ Sushen/ Yeojin/ Nyojin/ Jurcid/ Juchen/ Ruzhen/ Nrjo-drik/ Luzhen/ Aisin c. 200CE to 1234CE
St. Denis b: c. 200CE d: c. 255 Catholic.org >(New Advent)
Christianity 201CE - 300CE (WickedPedia)
Philip the "Arab"/ Marcus Julius Philippus Arabs (s of Julius Marinus & ??) b: c. 204CE in/near Shahba/Philippopolis in Aurantis/Hauran, Syria d: 249 September at Verona, Italy (Michael L. Meckler of Ohio State U: Roman Emperors)
⚭: with Marcia Otacilia Severa (d of Otacilius Severus) b:c.215CE?
Thascius/Caecilius/St. Cyprian of Carthage b: c. 205CE in Carthage d: 258-09-14 in Carthage (New Advent)
Roman emperor Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (s of ??) b: 214-09-09 or 215-09-09 in Illyricum/Dalmatia near the Danube/Danau river d: 275 c.October at Caenophrurium, Thrace South of Istanbul/Constantinople/Byzantium Aurelian Aurelian
⚭: with Ulpia Severina (She served as Roman empress for a short time after his assassination.)
Shapur i c. 215CE - 270 May CE
Roman emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (s of emperor Publius Licinius Valerianus/Valerian & Egnatia Mariniana) b: c. 216CE d: 268CE at Mediolanum
Mani the prophet (s of Patik & Mariam) b: c. 216CE at Ctesiphon d: 274-03-02 at Gundeshapur, Sassanid empire/Iran (WickedPedia)
Judah/Yahudah/Yehudah ben/bin/bar Ezekiel b: c. 220CE d: 299CE (student of Abba Arika & Samuel of Nehardea. founder of a school at Pumbedita/Pumbeditha, Babylonia/Mesopotamia/Iraq.)
220CE: school at established a rabbinical school at Sura/Sora, SSE of Karbala & Najaf along the Euphrates, S of Baghdad, E of Jerusalem, by Abba Arikha/ Rav
Septimius Odaenathus/ Lucius Septimus Odaenathus/ Dynt/ Odainat/ Udaina melek melek dy Medinah/ king of Palmyra/ king of kings of the East/ Papa ben Nasor/ ben Nazer/ Adi the Arab (s of Hairan; s of Wahb Allat; gs of Nasor) b: c. 220CE at Palmyra d: 267 at Heraclea pontica/Karadeniz Eregli, Turkey/Anatolia/Asia Minor or Emesa/Homs, Syria
⚭1: with ??
Hairan i/Herodianus
⚭2: c. 258CE with Zenobia/ Septimia Zenobia/ bat Zabbai/ Julia Aurelia Zenobia (d of Amr ibn Zabibah?) b: c. 240CE at Palmyra d: c. 274 (briefly ruled Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Turkey)
(Kelly MacQuire: World History.org)
children:
Vaballathus
Hairan ii
Herennianus
Timolaus
Sasanian/ Sassanian/ Sasanid/ Sassanid/ neo-Persian empire c. 224CE - 651CE
Roman emperor Probus (s of Dalmatius & ??) b: 232-08-19 at Sirmium, Pannonia inferior/Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia d: 282 September or October at Sirmium, assassinated by his own troops in favor of Marcus Aurelius Carus Probus (Roman Emperors)
Victorinus i/Marcus Piavonius Victorinus/ Marcus Piavvonius Victorinus/ Marcus Piaonius Victorinus emperor of Gaul (s of ?? & Victoria c.231-c.271 Augusta & mother of fortified cities) b:c.245CE d:c.271CE at Colonia Agrippina/Koeln/Cologne
Tetricus i/Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus emperor of Gaul (s of ?? & ??; relative of Victorinus & his mother Victoria) b:c. 240CE in Gaul d:c.280CE at Lucania, Italian peninsula (Moved capital from Colonia Agrippina/Koeln/Cologne to Augusta Treverorus/Trier. Strove to keep Germans East of the Rhine. Was defeated by Aurelian in 274CE at Chalons.) (Britannica) (British Museum)
Roman emperor Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus/Saloninus (s of emperor Gallienus & Cornelia Salonina from Bithynia) b:c. 242CE d:260CE at Colonia Agrippina/Koeln/Cologne
Diocles/ Diocletian/ Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus () b: 243-12-22 or 244-12-22 or 245-12-22 at Salona/Solin, Dalmatia/Croatia d: 311-12-03 at Aspalathos/Split, Croatia or d: 313 at Salona/Solin, Dalmatia/Croatia (Ralph W. Mathisen of U of South Carolina) (Catholic New AdVent)
⚭: with Prisca
Postumus/Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus b: c. 245CE in Batavia, Gaul, near present Eindhoven, Netherlands d: c. 269CE at Mogontiacum (Britannica)
St. Maurice/Moritz/Morris/Mauritius b: c. 250CE at Thebes d: 287CE at Agaunum/St. Maurice, Switzerland (WickedPedia)
Flavius Valerius Severus/Severus ii b: c. 250CE in Northern Illyria/Illyricum (NW Greece/Pannonia/Dalmatia) d: 307 September at Ravenna or Rome
Constantius Chlorus/ Constantius the Green/ Constantius the pale/ Flavius Valerius Constantius/ Constantius i (descendant of Illyrians) b: c. 250-03-31 at Dacia Ripensis d: 306-07-25 at Eboracus/York, Britain Constantius (Britannica) Constantius (Michael di Maio ii: Roman Emperors) Constantius (History of York) m1: ?Helena? m2: Theodora
Maximian/ Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus b: c. 250-07-31 at Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica, Pannonia Inferior/Serbia d: c. 310 July at Massala/ Massilia/ Marseille, France Maximian (Britannica) Maximian (Livius) Maximian (British Museum Finds.uk) Eutropia b:c.252 in Syria d: 325-09-08 at Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus/ Armentarius/herdsman/ Valerius Maximianus Galerius (s of ?? & ?Romula?) b: c. 258CE at Serdica/Sofia, Bulgaria d: 311-05-05 at Serdica/Sofia, Bulgaria buried: Serdica/Sofia/Felix Romuliana/Gamzigrad/Zajecar, Bulgaria or Serbia (311-04-30 issued edict of toleration at Serdica or Nicomedia.) (New Advent) (Oxford Reference) (Hektoen International Journal of Medical Humanities)
⚭: with Galeria Valeria (d of Diocletian & Prisca)
Eusebius of Caesarea/Eusebius Pamphili b: c. 262CE d: c. 340CE (WickedPedia)
Jin dynasty c. 265CE - c. 420CE
Rabbah bar Nachmani b: c. 270CE d: c. 330CE (studied at Sura, Babylonia/Iraq near Najaf Iraq SSE of Karbala; and Pumbedita/Pumbeditha near Fallujah WNW of Baghdad & ESE of Ramadi. lived in Babylonia. successor of Judah ben Ezekiel as rash yeshiva at Pumbedita.)
Constantine i/ Flavius Valerius Constantinus/ Konstantinos/ Constantine the great (s of Constantius Chlorus/Constantius i & Helena) b: c. 272-02-27 at Naissus/Nis, Moesia/Serbia d: 337-05-22 at Achyron, Nicomedia, Bithynia m1: Minervina m2: Fausta (d of Maximian & Eutropia) b:c.289CE d:326CE
Western Roman empire c. 285CE - c. 476CE
list of kings/dukes/leaders Dumnonia/ SW Britain/ SE Wales/ Brittany/ Cornwall c.290CE - c.1100CE
2016-11-16 (5777 Mar Cheshvan 15); Jasper Scherer _Jewish World Review_; earliest (300CE-800CE) intact stone Samaritan version of the 10 commandments/ Aseret ha Dibrot is up for auction
Afrighid dynasty of Chorasmia/Khwarezmia/Khwarazmia/Khowarizmia 305CE to 995CE Khwarezm/Chorasmia/Khwarezmia/Khwarazmia/Khowarizmia
Ephrem the Syrian/St. Ephraem/Ephraim/Mar Afrem Suryaya/Ephraem Syrus (s of ?? & ??) b: c. 306 at Nisibis/Nusaybin, Turkey d: 373-06-09 in Edessa, Turkey (New Advent)
Baalbeq/Baalbek/Heliopolis, Lebanon settled c. 9KBCE, town founded between 2900BCE & 2300BCE by proto-Phoenicians; 332BCE Alexander of Macedonia renamed it Heliopolis; c.310CE Christianized by Constantine; 635CE or 637CE conquered by Mohammedan Arabs; Byzantines re-took it in 748CE & 975CE; 1171CE by French crusaders; Mongols in 1260CE & 1400CE; Turks in 1517. (Bible Places)
Roman provinces South of the Danube up to c. 311CE
St. Martin of Tours and his capella b: 316 or 336 at Savaria, Pannonia (Szombathely, Hungary) d: 397-11-08 at Candes, Gaul/Indre et Loire, France (WickedPedia) (Catholic.org)
count Theodosius/comes Theodosius/Theodosius the elder/Flavius Honorius Theodosius (?s of Flavius Julius Honorius? & Flavia Actia; gs of Marcus Actius & Anicia; nephew of Flavius Julius Gerontiue; nephew of Flavius Julius Eucherius; brother of Flavius Honorius; grand-father of Flavius Honorius, Flavius Arcadius, Flavius Dydimus, Flavius Lagodius, Flavius Theodosiolus, Flavia Maria, Flavia Serena, Flavia Thermantia; uncle of Flavius Magnus Maximus of Scotland et Britain et Armorica; uncle of Flavius Octavius; uncle of Flavius Constantinus) b: c. 320 in Spain d: c. 375 in Carthage
⚭: c. 337 with Flavia Thermantia (d of Thermantius?) b: c. 320 in Spain d: c. 386 in Spain
battle of Adrianople/Hadrianople/Edirne, Thrace/Turkey 324-07-03 Visigoths or Sarmatians vs. Constantine vs. Licinius
Basil of Caesarea/St. Basil the great (s of Basil the elder & Emelia of Caesarea; gs of Macrina the elder) b: c. 330CE at Caesarea, Cappadocia d: 379-01-01 or 379-01-02 at Caesarea, Cappadocia (WickedPedia)
Ammianus Marcellinus b: c. 330 possibly in Antioch, Syria, Phoenicia d: c. 395 in Rome (WickedPedia)
Flavius Claudius Iulianus/Julian/emperor Julian the apostate (s of Julius Constantius & Basilina) b: c. 331 in Constantinople d: 363-06-26 at Maranga, Mesopotamia/Iraq/Babylonia buried: at Tarsus
⚭: with Helena (d of Constantine i the great & Fausta; gd of Constantius Chlorus & Helena and Maximian/Maximianus & Eutropia) (WickedPedia) Byzantine emperors family trees of Byzantine emperors
Flavius Rufinus (brother of Silvia) b: c. 335CE d: 395-11-27 (WickedPedia)
Flavius Magnus Maximus/Macsen Wledig (s of ?Theodosius i & Aelia Flaccilla?) b: 337-01-01 in Hispania/Spain, Iberian peninsula d: c. 335CE in Hispania Gallaecia d: 388-08-28 at Aquilea, Venetia et Histria (capital at Augusta Treverorum/Treves/Trier.)
Bulgar date-line c. 337CE - c. 499CE
Flavius Theodosius i/Theodosius the great (s of Theodosius the elder/comes Theodosius/count Theodosius & Thermantia; brother of Flavius Honorius; nephew of another Flavius Honorius; father of Flavius Arcadius, Flavius Honorius, Flavia Pulcheria, Galla Placidia) b: 347-01-11 at Coca or Italica, Spain, Iberian peninsula d: 395-01-17 at Mediolanum, Italy m1: Aelia Flaccilla d: 385CE m2: Galla (d of Valentinian i & Justina) (WickedPedia)
Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus/St. Jerome b: c. 347-03-27 at Stridon near Emona (Croatia or Slovenia) d: 420-09-30 at Bethlehem (New Advent) (Catholic.org) (Anglican.org) (Franciscan Media)
Shapur iii b: c. 350CE d: c. 388 December CE (WickedPedia)
Flavius Arbogastes/Arbogastiz/Arbogast the Frank () b: c. 350CE d: c.394-09-08 in the Alps after escaping from Theodosius i
2021-07-05: Sci-News: 4th century CE sand-stone relief carving uncovered at Vindolanda Roman fort Northumberland National Park: Vindolanda & Hadrian's wall walk
Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus/ Constantius ii 351CE to 352CE (WickedPedia)
Islam and European time-line c. 355CE - 1291CE (Latin Library)
Stilicho/Flavius Stilicho/Stilichon/Estilicon (s of a Vandal & provincial Christian Roman) b: c. 359 d: 408-08-22 at Ravenna
⚭: 384 with Serena/?Flavia Serena? Flavia Serena auf Deutsch (cousin of Galla Placidia; cousin of Honorius; "adopted niece" of Theodosius i; gd of Theodosius the elder/ count Theodosius/ Flavius Julius Theodosius & Flavia Thermantia; d of ??) b: c. 365 d: 409 (parents of Eucherius, Maria, Thermantia) family tree
Gainas the Arian Christian Goth b: c. 365 d: c. 400 North of the mouth of the Danube river
Flavius Fravitta the pagan VisiGoth b: c. 370 d: c. 403 (in 391 killed Eriulf in dispute while dining with Theodosius)
Alaric i/ Alareiks/ Alarik/ Alarich/ Alarico/ Alaricus king of VisiGoths (s or gs of Rothestes; Balti/ Baltha dynasty of Tervingian/Thervingi Goths; brother-in-law of Ataulf/ Athaulf) b: 370CE or 375CE on Peuce island, Dobruja/Romania at mouth of Danube river d: 410CE at Cosenza/ Consentia, Calabria (In 396, captured Corinth, Argos, & Sparta and sold many inhabitants into slavery. Required Rome to release Goth slaves.) Kristina Killgrove: Forbes: researchers Galaqssi, Bianucci, Gorini et al. infer from records that Alaric died from malaria/ Plasmodium falciparum
Ataulf/ Athavulf/ Atawulf/ Athaulf/ Ataulphus king of VisiGoths (brother-in-law of Alaric) b: c. 370 d: 415-08-15
⚭: 414 January at either Narbo/Narbonne or Forli with Galla Placidia (d of Theodosius i & Galla) b: 388 at Thessaloniki d: 450-11-27 in Rome
Hermeric/ Hermerico king of Suevi/ Suebi/ Swabians b: c. 375CE d: c. 438 (traveled from West of the Elbe & East of the Rhine to Western Iberian peninsula/ Hispania/ Portugals (WickedPedia) kingdom of the Suebi/ Suevi/ Swabians / kingdom of Gallaecia/Galicia c. 409CE-585CE the Suebi/ Suevi/ Suevians/ Suavi/ Swabians/ Svafa (They moved around a bit, mixed with the neighbors, formed and broke alliances, and earliest records are most skimpy, but may have ranged from NW of the Black Sea, North of the Danube, to the Baltic (Gdansk/ Danzig) to just West of the Rhine at various times. Some maps placed them in an area from Lake Constance up into the Black Forest.)
Niall of the 9 hostages/ Niall Noigiallach mac Echach/ Niall Nogalach () b: c. 375 d: c. 405 at Boulogne
(FabPedigree)
Flavius Arcadius (s of Theodosius i & Aelia Flaccilla) b: 377-01-01 CE in Hispania/ Spain, Iberian peninsula d: 408-05-01
⚭: with Aelia Eudoxia d: 404-10-06 CE (d of Flavius Bauto a Romanized Frank who defeated Magnus Maximus/ Macsen Wledig)
Gothic wars: battle of Adrianople/ Hadrianople/ Hadrianopolis/ Edirne, Thrace/ Turkey 378-08-09 emperor Valens vs. Goths (Thervings/ Tervingi & Greutungs/ Greuthungs/ Greuthungi) & Alans; emperor Valens & Sebastianus & Victor & Traianus & Ricomer vs. Fritigern & Alatheus & Saphrax (Robert Eisenberg: McGill) (Roman Empire.net) (Ed Whelan: Classical Wisdom.com) (Ludwig Heinrich Dyck: Warfare History Network) (Michael Kulikowski 2006-10-30 _Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric_ (238 pages; ISBN 97880521846332; OCLC ; CambridgeU))
magister militum Gerontius () b:c.380CE in Britain? d:411CE
Constantine iii/ Flavius Claudius Constantinus/ Constantine iii of Scotland et Britain et Armorica et Western Roman Empire (father of Constans ii) b: c. 380 d: between 411-08-01 & 411-09-18 between Arles & Ravenna (Hugh Elton of FIU: Roman Emperors
Constantius iii/Flavius Constantius b: c. 380CE at Naissus/Nysos/Nish/Nissa/Nis, Moesia/Serbia d: 421-09-02 at Ravenna, Italy
⚭: with Galla Placidia (d of Theodosius i & Galla; gd of Valentinian i & Justina) b: 388 at Thessaloniki d: 450-11-27 at Rome (WickedPedia)
Joannes/ John/ Johannes/ Iohannes b:c.380CE d: 425 Summer executed in the hippodrome in Rome
Eutyches b: c. 380CE d: c. 456CE (WickedPedia)
Roman emperor Honorius/ Flavius Honorius (s of Theodosius i & Aelia Flaccilla) b: 384-09-09 at Constantinople/ Byzantium/ Istanbul d: 423-08-15 at Ravenna buried: old St.Peter's basilica m1: 398 with Maria (d of Stilicho & Serena; maternal 1st cousins once removed) d: 407 or 409 at Ravenna buried: old St.Peter's basilica m2: 408 or 409 or 410 with Thermantia divorced
Gunther/ Guenther/ Guthere/ Gunnar/ Gundaharius/ Gundicharius/ Gyntiarios/ Gundahar/ Gunnarr co-king of Burgundy (father of Gondioc/ Gundioc/ Gundowig & Chileric i) b: c. 385 d: 437 (in 411 co-operated with Goar of the Alans & Jovinus. Flaius Aetius killed most of them, but re-settled the survivors in Savoy along the Rhone.)
emperor Avitus/ Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus (s of ?Flavius Julius Agricola? & mmm; father of Agricola, Ecdicius, Papianilla) b: c. 385 at Clermont d: 457 buried: at Brioude
Northern Wei dynasty 386-02-20 CE to 399-01-24 CE (WickedPedia)
history of the Khitans/Liao 388CE-1211CE (WickedPedia)
Gadara/ Gedera/ Khirbet-Djedireh, Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda 390CE-636CE (New Advent)
Bonifacius (father-in-law of Sebastianus) b: c. 390 d: 432 from wounds after battle of Rimini/ Ariminum
⚭: with Palagia (d of Beremudus)
Flavius Aetius (s of Flavius Gaudentius the Scythian) b: c. 390 at Durostorum/ Darstor/ Silistra, Moesia Inferior/ NE Bulgaria d: 454-09-21 at Ravenna m1: before 425 to ?? (d of Carpilio) m2: Palagia (d of Beremudus; widow of Bonifacius) Mark S. Longo: Warfare History Network: Flavius Aetius
Theodoric i of VisiGoths/ Theodoric the Balti/ Theodoric Balthas (s of Alaric i) b: c. 390 or 393 at Peuce island, Dobruja d: 451-06-20 or 451-06-24 at battle of Chalons/ Catalaunian plains (Jamie's fabulous pedigree; oddly diferent)
Constans ii/ Custennin/ imperator caesar Flavius Constans augustus (s of Roman emperor Constantine iii & ??) b: c. 390CE d: c. 411-09-18 at Vienne, Viennensis, Gaul
Maximus of Hispania/ Maximus Tyrannus (may have been s of Gerontius) b: c. 380CE d: c. 420
bishop Theodoret of Cyrrhus/ Cyrus b: c.393CE at Antioch d: between 458CE & 466CE near Antioch (author of _History of the Monks of Syria_, _Religious History_/_Philotheos Historia_)
Roman Empire c. 395CE
Israel c. 395CE
emperor Petronius Maximus/ Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (s of ?Anicius Probinus?; gs of Anicia Faltona Proba and Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus; father of Palladius) b: c. 396 d: 455-05-31 m1: ?Lucina? m2: Licinia Eudoxia
Arabia c. 400CE
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Biblical/Middle East issues
2014-05-27 (5774 Ayyr 27) Philistines/Pleshtim/Flishtim/Plistim/Allophyloi/Kaphtor
About Ancient History: "Sea People", Hittites
Moshe Dann: PJMedia: the dirty little secret about the "Palestinians"
Free Republic: the history and meaning of "Palestine" and "Palestinians"
Bedouins/Arabs/Arbaaa/Aarab/Qedarites (WickedPedia)
Gaza Strip=Palestine=Filistia (WickedPedia)
Islamization of the Gaza Strip=Palestine=Filistia (WickedPedia)
Palestinian refugee (WickedPedia)
Jewish exodus from Arab lands (WickedPedia)
Jewish refugees from Arab & Muslim countries (WickedPedia)
Judges/Shuftim/Shoftim "And Judah/Yahudah conquered Gaza with the border thereof, and Ashkelon/Ashqelon with the border thereof, and Ekron/Akron with the border thereof." (Mechon-Mamre.org) "And they gave Hebron/Chebron/Chebrun to Caleb, as Moses had spoken, and he drove out the 3 sons of Anak/Aaneq/Ainaq" [the Annunaki giants? B-)] "the Jebusites dwelled with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day"
H/T: I found many good maps at StudyLight: pastoral resources: Bible maps archive some of which I have added as links.
back up to Top
signed treaty with Carthage (WickedPedia);
Roman Republic time-line 509BCE-27BCE (know the Romans)
Hillsdale College on-line course on the Roman Republic
(Britannica) (with additional maps)
map Greece to India c. 500BCE (Persian empire) (snagged 2013-11-29)
Persian empire c. 500BCE (at Jewish Virtual Library) (see also wikipedia)
(Math History: St. Andrews College; MacTutor)
(Britannica)
(Purdue U)
(Oxford Reference)
(Springer: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers)
(Britannica)
Academic Accelerator
Oxford Reference
(Britannica)
(Simeon Netchev: World History.org)
(Aleksa Vuckovic: Ancient Origins)
(Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
(History & Archaeology OnLine)
(DBachmann: World History Encyclopedia)
(TWimberley: Florida Gulf Coast U)
one of the La Tene towns was on NE end of lake Neuchatel
(Stanford)
(Britannica)
(Joshua J. Mark: World History Encyclopedia)
(Math History: St. Andrews College; MacTutor)
(Oxford Reference)
m1: Audata/Eurydice b: c.390BCE d:336BCE
m2: Phila of Elimeia
m3: Nicesipolis/Nicasipolis/Nikesipolis of Pherae, Thessalia
m4: Philinna
m5: Olympias/Polyxena/Myrtale/Stratonice of Epirus (NationalGeographic) (ancient.eu) (d of Neoptolemusi of Epirus & ??) b:c.378BCE in Molossia, Epirus d:316BCE in Macedonia
m6: Meda of Odessa/Odessos d:336BCE
m7: Cleopatra/Eurydice d:336BCE
m...
Greece c. 370BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Victor Davis Hanson 1999 _The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How 3 Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny_ (450 pages; 355.009))
Boeotia, Greece c. 370BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Victor Davis Hanson 1999 _The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How 3 Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny_ (450 pages; 355.009))
m1 or 2: 324BCE at Susa to Artakama/Artacama (d of Artabazus ii of Phyrgia; gd of Pharnabazus ii & sister of Mentor of Rhodes & sister of Memnon of Rhodes; ggd of Pharnaces ii of Phrygia & Apama; 2ggd of Artaxerxes ii & Strateira and Pharnabazus i; 3ggd of Artabazus i)
m1 or 2: Thais
children:
Lagus
Leontiscus
Eirene
m3: Eurydice of Egypt (d of Antipater; sister of Phila)
children:
Ptolemy Keraunos/thunder
Meleager
"rebel in Cyprus" (killed by Ptolemy ii Philadelphus)
Ptolemais m: Demetrius i of Macedonia/poliocetes/besieger (s of Antigonus i Monopthalmus & Stratonice)
Lysandra/liberator m1: Alexander v of Macedonia (s of Cassander & Thessalonica of Macedonia) m2: Agathocles (s of Lysimachus & Nicaea of Macedonia; gs of Antipater)
m4: Berenice i of Egypt
children:
Arsinoe ii of Egypt
Philotera
Ptolemy ii philadelphus m1: Arsinoe i (d of Lysimachus & Nicaea of Macedonia; gd of Agathocles of Pella) m2: Arsinoe ii of Egypt (d of Ptolemy i Soter & Berenice i of Egypt)
(Britannica)
(ByJus)
(World History Encyclopedia)
(National Geographic)
(Khan Academy)
children:
Magas king of Cyrene/Cyrenaica
Antigone queen of Epirus
Theoxena
m1: c. 317BCE to (his 3rd wife)Ptolemy i soter (s or step-son of Lagus/rabbit or Philip ii of Macedonia & Arsinoe) b: c. 367BCE in Macedonia d: 282 January in Alexandria, Egypt
painting c. 1620CE by Artemisia Gentileschi
Le Gallerie degli Uffizi
Britannica
History Today
Musei Vaticani
Isaac Broyde & Richard Gottheil: Jewish Encyclopedia
map Alexander 336BCE-323BCE (U of Texas library)
map Alexander 334BCE-323BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092))
map Alexander 334BCE-323BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092))
Hellenist Seleucid empire 312BCE-63BCE (WickedPedia)
region of Parthia/Parthava
Parthians (UWash Seattle)
Parthian empire (Time Maps)
m1: Cleopatra ii of Egypt (d of Ptolemy v Epiphanes & Cleopatra i of Egypt; m1 his brother Ptolemy vi Philometor of Egypt) b: c. 185BCE d: 116BCE or 115BCE
children:
Ptolemy Memphites
m2: Cleopatra iii of Egypt/Cleopatra Euergetis/Cleopatra Philometor Soteira/Kokke/Nebtaoui Kanekhet (d of Ptolemy vi Philometor of Egypt & Cleopatra ii of Egypt)
children:
Ptolemy ix Lathyros
Ptolemy x Alexander i
Cleopatra iv of Egypt
Tryphaena
Cleopatra Selene i
m2: Eirene
children:
Ptolemy Apion
Maccabeean/ Hasmonean/ Chasmonean Israel c. 167BCE-100BCE
Maccabeean/Hasmonean Israel c. 167BCE-100BCE (from Christians Standing with Israel .org)
StudyLight: map the Maccabeean/ Chasmonean restoration of united kingdom of the descendants of Israel (c.168BCE)
StudyLight: map Maccabeean/ Chasmonean restoration
Chasmonean/ Hasmonean/ Maccabee dynasty
(Jewish History)
(1994: Lesli Koppelman Ross: My Jewish Learning)
(2021-12-01: Dan Shapira: Tablet)
partial Chasmonean/ Hasmonean/ Maccabee family tree (Jewish Virtual Library)
map Israel 110BCE (snagged 2011-12-02)
Israel 104BCE (snagged 2011-12-02)
Israel 103BCE (snagged 2011-12-02; Syro-Fenicie=Phoenicia=Lebanon)
Asmonean/ Hasmonean/ Chasmonean/ Maccabee family tree (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092) (Herod's father was an official in Idumea/ Edom/ land of Esau)
Armenia 100BCE - 95BCE (snagged 2013-12-25)
development of armored cavalry 100BCE-1066CE (snagged 2013-09-08 from William Hardy McNeill 1963, 1964 _The Rise of the West_ (807 pages; 901.9))
Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092) (his father was an official in Idumea/Edom/land of Esau)
Caesarea, Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092) (his father was an official in Idumea/Edom/land of Esau)
Jerusalem, Israel in time of Herod the great c. 73BCE-c. 1BCE (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092) (his father was an official in Idumea/Edom/land of Esau)
Israel c. 67BCE (snagged 2011-12-02)
(note Narbonensis/Narbonne, Massalia which was the Greek colony but became Marseille, compare territory of Eleanor's Aquitaine/Aquitania with the total area of France, the Phoenician colonies of Carthage, Cadiz/ Qadiz/ Gades, Cartagena [which was East of Corduba/Cordoba], and recall that a goodly part of Spain was once the base of the Tarshish trading empire; Trapezus/ Trebizond on the Black Sea; they place Antioch in Syria; Palmyra, once a great caravan stopping point and trading center which was recently vandalized using high explosives by the Mohammedans; they label the Sinai peninsula Petraea Arabia; Byzantium/ Constantinople/ Istanbul in the SW quarter of the Black Sea; note how the Danube and Rhine rivers were/are considered major boundaries; the strait to the Sea of Azov and/or Crimea is labeled Bosporus [usually that is considered a channel between the Black Sea and Azov, and one of the big slave markets was just below the S at Feodosiya/ Feodosia/ Theodosia where Scandinavian & Sklavian/ Slavic slaves were sold South]; oops, they forgot to make the Caspian Sea blue; note the Caucasus mountains with labels Colchis along the Eastern coast of the Black Sea and Iberia along the Southern edge of the mountains; Susa in Persia/ Iran on the lower right is notable as the site at which Alexander arranged diplomatic marriages for most of his officers before they moved on to India; near the North arrow on the upper-right can be seen the line of the Ural mountains... the area from whence came the AmerIndians and Scandihoovians according to recent DNA analyses; Dacia is the area of the creepy Dracula stories of the Carpathian mountains between the Danube and the Dniester rivers)
(WickedPedia)
(Virtual Religion)
Selgovae/Segloes
Damnonii/Damnii
Votadini/Otadini/Guotodin/Gododdin
Bigantes
(Britannica) (with map of Partian empire)
(Bible History.net) /
(Bible Hub.com)
_WND_
Hungarian archaeologists un-covered ritual bath at Chasmonean, Alexander Yanai's fortress of Machaerus, Gabinius in 57BCE, rebuilt by Herod c. 30BCE, probably demolished by Lucilius Bassus' 10th Roman legion c. 71CE (about 16 miles SE of the North end of the Dead/Salt Sea on West side of Jordanian village Muqawir)
2024-08-12: Israel Ha Yom/ Israel Today: artifacts from c. 70CE Jerusalem
Biblical Israel (G) (snagged 2011-09-23)
Herodian Israel 30BCE-70CE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Herod family tree (snagged 2011-08-04 from Geza Vermes 2014 _The True Herod_ (170 pages; 933.05092) (his father was an official in Idumea/Edom/land of Esau)
Israel 0-100CE (map snagged 2015-08-18)
_Irish Central_
bones suggest pre-Celtic, Middle-East, Southern Mediterranean components for origins for the Irish
2015-12-28/2016-01-12: Lara Cassidy, Rui Martiniano, Eileen M. Murphy, Matthew D. Teasdale, James Mallory, Barrie Hartwell & Daniel G. Bradley: PNAS: NeoLithic & Bronze Age migration to Ireland
DOI: alternate link
summary of some Celtic regions
map Galilee/Samaria/Israel/Judea 1CE - 99CE including Roman/Herodian occupation (bible-history)
map NW Europe 1CE (EurAtlas) showing Cimbri, Langobardi, Chatti, Semnones, Lemovii, Burgundiones, Frisii, Chamani, Chauci, Bructeri, Tencteri, Hermunduri, Boihaemum, Varisci, Suebi/Schwabians, Quadi, Anarti, Scordisci
StudyLight: map Christian beginnings
StudyLight: princedom of Herod Agrippa ii
children:
Simon ben Aaqiba
Jewish zealotry c. 60CE-73CE
the Sicarii/daggers c. 100BCE-100CE
Jewish Orthodox Union
Marco Misano: Roman Jews
2005 June: Paul Bauman, Avner Goren, Richard Freund & Phillip Reeder: Recorder vol30 #06: archaeological reconnaissance at Tel Yavne, Israel, using 2-D electrical imaging and low altitude aerial photography
ChaBaD
JewFAQ: sages: Yochanan
Nachum ha Alqeshi tomb transcription (1 of 3 by Abeda Alqeshi, snagged 2015-06-04)
StudyLight: map Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66CE-68CE)
Erythraean Sea (wikipedia; visited 2016-01-13)
map invasions of Roman Empire 100CE - 500CE (snagged 2013-10-23)
Ireland & Britain c. 100CE (snagged 2011-09-04 from Maire O'Brien & Conor Cruise O'Brien 1972 _A Concise History of Ireland_ (177 pages; 941.5))
Roman Aelia Capitolina built atop/central Jerusalem, with a temple to Jupiter built atop the area where the Jewish temple had stood. The city was garrisoned to drive away Jewish people for fear of yet another revolt against Rome, though they were allowed in on Tisha be Av/Tisha b'Ab to mourn the destruction of the Temple. The Byzantine empire under Constantine started building Christian sites in the 4th century. In 614 it was captured by Jewish and Sassanid troops. Heraclius took it back in 629. Then Muslim Arabs took it in 638, referring to Madinat bayt al-Maqdis/me din ah beth ha Miqdash/city or jurisdiction or place of justice of the house of the Temple.
map Israel c. 150CE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Roman Empire c. 150CE (snagged 2012-08-23 from Moses I. Finley 1973, 1985 _The Ancient Economy_ (230 pages; 330.9))
Roman Britain around 142CE-300CE (snagged 2012-05-14 from Winston Churchill 1956, 1993 _An History of the English Speaking Peoples: The Birth of Britain_ (500 pages; 941))
Cornwall/ Kernow in SW Britain
Roman provinces South of the Danube up to c. 311CE (Diocletian) (snagged 2012-10-04)
Roman Empire c. 395CE (snagged 2012-10-04)
Eastern Roman Empire including Ortentis/Israel c. 395CE (at Jewish Virtual Library)
Arabia c. 400CE (snagged 2012-10-04)
Mike Lumish _Times of Israel_
so, just what is a "Palestinian" anyway?
K. Kris Hirst: About Archaeology: "Sea People": Philistines & Etruscans
